Table 1.
Changes in amino acid profile by VAL treatment
| Examination (nmol/ml) | Reference value | Before | Dose and administration term of VAL |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 g/day 0–4 wk | 6 g/day 5–8 wk | 9 g/day 9–12 wk | 12 g/day 13–16 wk | |||
| Valine | 147.8–307.0 | 162.1 | 181.9 | 242.3 | 263.1 | 312.4 |
| Fischer ratio | 2.43–4.40 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 1.32 | 1.38 | 1.51 |
| Leucine | 78–180 | 85.4 | 76.5 | 71.7 | 52.4 | 78.9 |
| Isoleucine | 40–110 | 55.0 | 43.0 | 45.0 | 30.5 | 42.2 |
| Tyrosine | 40–90 | 202.4 | 193.0 | 186.3 | 166.1 | 193.7 |
| Phenylalanine | 43–76 | 115.3 | 102.3 | 86.1 | 85.4 | 94.1 |
| Taurine | 40–93 | 61.3 | 56.8 | 64.4 | 54.8 | 63.3 |
| Urea | 2,600–6,600 | 6,006.0 | 5,463.0 | 7,630.2 | 5,821.3 | 5,045.6 |
| Aspartic acid | <3.0 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 3.2 |
| Threonine | 67–190 | 227.5 | 204.0 | 206.5 | 166.8 | 157.2 |
| Serine | 72–160 | 197.7 | 184.3 | 185.7 | 168.7 | 174.8 |
| Asparagine | 45–97 | 110.6 | 79.8 | 78.8 | 65.6 | 79.6 |
| Glutamic acid | 12–63 | 52.9 | 55.3 | 47.5 | 46.4 | 46.7 |
| Glutamine | 420–700 | 675.7 | 696.0 | 775.3 | 789.5 | 830.2 |
| Proline | 78–270 | 192.9 | 192.9 | 169.0 | 159.2 | 158.1 |
| Glycine | 150–350 | 271.2 | 286.5 | 251.8 | 279.5 | 274.8 |
| Alanine | 210–520 | 412.5 | 355.5 | 349.8 | 447.0 | 465.6 |
| Citrulline | 17–43 | 52.6 | 56.4 | 54.6 | 56.4 | 68.0 |
| Cystine | 29–49 | 61.9 | 54.7 | 66.9 | 65.3 | 55.2 |
| Methionine | 19–40 | 96.3 | 107.4 | 103.8 | 67.9 | 66.7 |
| Monoethanolamine | <11 | 12.4 | 18.2 | 20.4 | 19.6 | 20.9 |
| Histidine | 59–92 | 90.2 | 91.0 | 84.7 | 100.1 | 96.0 |
| α-Aminobutyric acid | 7.9–27.0 | 21.2 | 18.4 | 15.7 | 11.9 | 8.4 |
| Lysine | 110–240 | 212.5 | 194.4 | 194.6 | 188.6 | 172.5 |
| Tryptophan | 37–75 | 44.6 | 40.3 | 26.3 | 57.3 | 44.3 |
| Ornithine | 30–100 | 143.3 | 132.1 | 132.3 | 142.1 | 160.9 |
| Arginine | 54–130 | 119.8 | 116.5 | 107.6 | 129.4 | 151.8 |
The following serum amino acid levels were not detected: phosphoethanolamine, hydroxyproline, sarcosine, α-aminoadipic acid, cystathionine, γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid, β-alanine, β-amino-iso-butyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, homocystine, 3-methylhistidine, 1-methylhistidine, carnosine, anserine, hydroxylysine.