Table 1.
Description of Childhood Hardship Factors
| Factor | Items | Reported by | Time period assessed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Financial and structural hardship. | Unemployment | Parent | Birth, age 7, 11, 16 |
| Eligible for free school lunches | Parent, school | Age 11, 16 | |
| Sharing a bed | Parent | Age 11, 16 | |
| Contact with the criminal justice system | Parent | Age 11, 16 | |
| Parental lack of interest in education | Lack of interest in child’s education | School | Age 7, 11, 16 |
| Hope child would leave school at the minimum age | Parent | Age 11, 16 | |
| Indicators of family dysfunction | Family problems with tension | Health visitor | Age 7 |
| Alcoholism, or other problems | Health visitor | Age 7 | |
| Does not get along well with parents | Child | Age 16 | |
| Lack of supportive caregiving | Parents’ not reading to the child | Parent | Age 7 |
| Father not taking an active role in the child’s upbringing. | Parent | Age 7 and 11 | |
| Violence/mental health/social services | Physical neglect | Teacher | Age 7 and 11 |
| Maladjustment | Teacher | Age 7 and 11 | |
| Mental subnormality in family | Health visitor | Age 7 | |
| Experienced Bullying | Parent | Age 7 and 11 | |
| Contact with social services | School, Parent | Age 7, 11, 16 | |
|
| |||
| Family structure disruption | Foster care | Parent, child | Age 7, 11, 16, adult report |
| Divorced parents | Parent, child | Age 7, 11, 16, adult report | |
| Single mother at birth | Parent | Birth | |
| Parent dead | Parent, child, health visitor | Age 7, 11, 16, adult report | |