Table 1.

Definition of behaviors scored during maternal separation

Behavior	Definition
Self-directed behavior	Includes self-groom, grooming of one’s own body, self-scratching, biting or cleaning nails; self-clasp, firm manual or pedal gripping of self, which is not a component of an ongoing behavior, i.e., self-groom; self-mouth, sucking (not biting) at any bodily appendage or own fur; should be scored with motionless, locomotion, or social. Self-directed behavior can be scored with any other behavior as long as it is not part of another ongoing behavior such as stypic or stereotypy.
Behavioral withdrawal	Absence of directed movement, social behaviors, and environmental manipulation (i.e., no simultaneously occurring social or nonsocial behaviors, except self-directed behaviors, or vocalizations); includes bouncing in place
Locomotion	Any movement across the substrate; includes changes in location by means of walking, running, dropping from ceiling to floor, swinging, and bouncing, rolling, hopping on all fours, bouncing around the cage, and “displays.” Note: if a motor pattern is repeated more than three times, it is scored as stereotypy.
Environmental exploration	Any active manual, oral, or pedal examination, exploration, or manipulation of the physical environment, or the attempt to do the same; includes manipulating or playing with chow while eating or drinking; does not include active play on the substrate, chewing chow, or passively holding object (food or other)
Vocalization	Any vocal sound emitted by the subject; includes coo, bark, screech, squeal, etc.; can be scored with any other behavior. Sounds made by coughing or sneezing are not vocalizations.