Table 1.

GSK3β modulation of the inflammatory response caused by bacterial stimuli

Bacterium or bacterial PAMP	Type of cell	GSK3β Inhibition: + pSer9	NF-κB Inhibition ↓ NF-kB Activation ↑ Not tested -	Pro or anti- inflammatory molecules Expressed	Pro or anti-inflammatory molecules Inhibited	Refs.
		GSK3β Activation: - pSer9 or + pTyr216
LPS	Human monocytes	+pSer9	↓	IL-10	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IL-12, IFN-α	[10,27]
LPS	Human monocytes	+pSer9	-	IL-1Ra	IL-1β	[28]
Mycobacterium bovis	Primary human monocytes	+pSer9	-	IL-10	IFN-γ	[30]
Muramyl dipeptide	Human embryonic kidney epithelial cells	+pSer9	↓	-	IL-8	[31]
LPS	Neonatal mouse cardiac cells		↓	-	TNF-α	[36]
LPS	Mice macrophages	+ pSer9	-	IFNβ	-	[37]
Burkholderia cenocepacia	Human monocytes and mouse macrophages	+ pSer9	↑	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8	-	[38]
Pam3Cysb and IFN-γ	Human macrophages	- pSer9	-	TNFα	IL-10	[39]
Staphylococcus aureus	Murine microglia	+ pTyr216	↑	TNF-α, NO	IL10	[40]
LPS	Murine microglia	A	↑	TNF-α	-	[41]
Salmonella typhimurium	Mouse colonic epithelial cells	- pSer9; + pTyr216	↑	TNF-α, IL-6	-	[33]
IFN-γ and LPS	Murine macrophages	+ pTyr216	-	iNOS, NO	IL-10	[42]
IFN-γ and LPS	Mouse primary microglia and astrocytes	A	-	IL-6, CXCL1, IL-12p40, CCL9, CCL2/MCP-1, P- Selectin,CCL5	CXCL2, MIP2	[43]

^A GSK3β phosphorylation at Ser9 or Tyr216 was not analyzed.

^b Synthetic PAMP.