Figure 2. OMVs are internalized by THP-1 and HeLa cells.

FITC-labeled-OMVs were incubated with DiD-stained THP-1 cells for 4 h at 37°C (upper panels) or with DiD-stained HeLa cells for 24 h (lower panels). After incubation, cells were washed, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and visualized by confocal microscopy. Left panels show DiD fluorescence (cells), middle panels show FITC fluorescence (OMVs), and right panels show merged images.