Table 3.
Multivariable risk factor analysis – associations of Plasmodium falciparum infection and anaemia with a test of sustained attention and a test of literacy in children in classes 1 and 5 on the south coast of Kenya, 2010.
| Variable | Attention assessments | Literacy assessments | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pencil tap – Class 1 | Code transmission – Class 5 | Spelling – Class 1 | Spelling – Class 5 | |||||||
| Adjusted OR for engagement (95% CI) n = 1122 | P-value* | Mean adjusted difference in performance in children who were engaged†,‡(95% CI) n = 998 | P-value§ | Mean adjusted difference in performance (95% CI)† n = 1227 | P-value § | Mean adjusted difference in performance (95% CI)† n = 1127 | P-value§ | Mean adjusted difference in performance (95% CI)† n = 1216 | P-value§ | |
| Child-level | ||||||||||
| P. falciparum density (p/μl) | ||||||||||
| No infection (0) | 1 | |||||||||
| Low (1–999) | 1.00 (0.53–1.80) | 0.053 | −0.05 (−1.01, 1.12) | 0.06 (−1.42, 1.52) | 0.63 (−0.56, 2.12) | −1.00 (−2.90, 0.89) | ||||
| High (≥1000) | 6.38 (0.85–47.87) | −0.00 (−1.28, 1.23) | 1 | −0.97 (−3.40, 1.03) | 0.638 | 1.14 (0.08, 2.28) | 0.102 | −2.49 (−6.80, 1.31) | 0.205 | |
| Anaemia status | ||||||||||
| Not anaemic | 1 | |||||||||
| Anaemic | 1.20 (0.82–1.77) | 0.353 | 0.17 (−0.41, 0.77) | 0.169 | 0.34 (−0.25, 0.95) | 0.25 | 0.35 (−0.18, 0.98) | 0.343 | 0.69 (−0.28, 1.68) | 0.17 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1 | |||||||||
| Female | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 0.249 | −0.62 (−1.16, 0.00) | 0.037 | −0.61 (−1.37, 0.07) | 0.102 | 0.43 (−0.13, 1.02) | 0.268 | −1.32 (−2.14, −0.46) | 0.003 |
| Age (years)¶ | ||||||||||
| 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | 0.014 | 0.44 (0.22, 0.62) | <0.001 | −0.30 (−0.47, −0.10) | 0.003 | 0.27 (0.06, 0.47) | 0.025 | −1.32 (−1.65, −1.03) | <0.001 | |
| BMIZ (z-score) | ||||||||||
| Not thin | ||||||||||
| Thin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.12 (0.13, 2.11) | 0.026 |
| Eat breakfast before school | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Yes | 0.46 (0.28–0.74) | 0.001 | ||||||||
| Household-level | ||||||||||
| SES quintile | ||||||||||
| Poorest | ||||||||||
| Poor | −0.17 (−1.17, 0.72) | 0.09 (−0.59, 0.91) | −0.14 (−1.32, 1.34) | |||||||
| Median | – | – | −0.85 (−1.80, 0.04) | – | – | 0.49 (−0.33, 1.38) | 2.30 (1.24, 3.52) | <0.001 | ||
| Less poor | −0.92 (−2.00, 0.17) | 0.026 | 1.20 (0.43, 2.17) | 0.006 | 1.42 (0.30, 2.60) | |||||
| Least poor | −1.27 (−2.33, −0.16) | 1.48 (0.59, 2.46) | 3.32 (1.95, 4.80) | |||||||
| School-level | ||||||||||
| School feeding programme | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.62 (0.39–0.98) | 0.039 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Seating in classroom | ||||||||||
| Desks or tables and chairs | ||||||||||
| Floor | – | – | – | – | – | – | −1.76 (−3.55, −0.48) | 0.026 | – | – |
| Division | ||||||||||
| Diani | ||||||||||
| Lunga Lunga | −0.18 (−1.16, 0.74) | −3.53 (−5.79, −1.49) | ||||||||
| Msambweni | – | – | −1.20 (−2.40, −0.08) | 0.016 | – | – | – | – | −3.95 (−6.17, −2.13) | <0.001 |
| Kubo | −1.58 (−2.78, −0.39) | −3.79 (−6.19, −1.33) | ||||||||
P-value derived from likelihood ratio test of model with and without variable of interest in multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis (adjusting for school-level clustering).
Positive values indicate an increased score over reference group, and negative values indicate a decreased score over reference group (95% CI is the bias-corrected confidence interval).
Only children found to be engaged in task are included.
P-value is from multivariable Wald test derived from multivariable linear regression, bootstrapped and adjusted for school-level clustering.
Modelled as a continuous variable.
The bold numbers refer to those with a P-value of 0.05 or less in the multivariable model.