Table 1.
Sample characteristics and differences between neither internalizing nor externalizing, internalizing-only, externalizing-only, and both internalizing and externalizing problems groups
| Total sample (n = 2,066) |
Neither internalizing nor externalizing problems (a) (n = 668) |
Internalizing only problems (b) (n = 232) |
Externalizing only problems (c) (n = 494) |
Both internalizing and externalizing problems (d) (n = 672) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender n (%) | ||||||
| Males | 1,429 (69.2) | 546 (38.2)* | 123 (8.6)* | 408 (28.6)* | 352 (24.6)* | 0.00 |
| Females | 637 (30.8) | 122 (19.2) | 109 (17.1) | 86 (13.5) | 320 (50.2) | |
| Age (M, SD) | 15.6 (1.22) | 15.6 (1.21)c | 15.9 (1.14)cd | 15.4 (1.19)ab | 15.4 (1.26)b | 0.00 |
| Single-parent n (%) | 1,071 (51.8) | 349 (32.6) | 133 (12.4) | 261 (24.4) | 328 (30.6) | 0.14 |
| Race/ethnicity n (%) | ||||||
| White | 960 (46.5) | 273 (28.4)* | 107 (11.1) | 215 (22.4) | 365 (38.0)* | 0.00 |
| Black | 368 (17.8) | 168 (45.7)* | 34 (9.2) | 100 (27.2) | 66 (17.9)* | 0.00 |
| Hispanic | 291 (14.1) | 101 (34.7) | 41 (14.1) | 73 (25.1) | 76 (26.1) | 0.57 |
| Other | 447 (21.6) | 126 (28.2) | 50 (11.2) | 106 (23.7) | 165 (36.9) | 0.09 |
| Substance use n (%) | ||||||
| Use only | 365 (17.7) | 189 (51.8) | 41 (11.2) | 81 (22.2) | 54(14.8) | 0.00 |
| Abuse | 724 (35) | 307 (42.4) | 63 (8.7)* | 216 (29.8)* | 138 (19.1)* | 0.00 |
| Dependence | 977 (47.3) | 172 (17.6)* | 128 (13.1) | 197 (20.2)* | 480 (49.1)* | 0.00 |
| Stressors (M, SD) | 1.25 (1.59) | 0.71 (1.15)bcd | 1.49 (1.56)acd | 0.99 (1.33)abd | 1.89 (1.89)abc | 0.00 |
| Indicators of severity of victimization n (%) | ||||||
| Frequent/long duration victimization | 1,045 (50.6) | 267 (25.6)* | 136 (13.0)* | 217 (20.8)* | 425 (40.7)* | 0.00 |
| Victimization by trusted perpetrators | 921 (44.6) | 215 (23.3)* | 138 (15.0)* | 186 (20.2)* | 382 (41.5)* | 0.00 |
| Multiple types of victimization | 467 (22.6) | 86 (18.4)* | 64 (13.7)* | 83 (17.8)* | 234 (50.1)* | 0.00 |
| Recent victimization | 1,201 (58.1) | 334 (27.8)* | 119 (9.9) | 287 (23.9) | 461 (38.4)* | 0.00 |
P values are based on ANOVA and Chi-square tests
a, b, c, d
Subscripts refer to groups (Group a = Neither; Group b = Internalizing-only group; Group c = Externalizing-only group; d = Group with both internalizing and externalizing problems), and show which groups were statistically significant from the group with the subscript. These differences were tested using Bonferroni post-hoc test
*
Refers to adolescents in the group being significantly different from adolescents in other groups. Statistically significant differences were examined using two-way Chi-square tests