Panel A: dose-dependent effects of ketamine on neuronal differentiation of NSPCs exposed to ketamine (concentration: X = 0, 1, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μM) over a 3-week spontaneous differentiation phase. Panel B: Tuj-1 staining of differentiated NSPCs exposed to 0, 10, and 100 μM of ketamine for 24 hours. Panel C: changes in the percentage of the Tuj-1+ cells in total cells (DAPI+) vs. ketamine concentrations. (Stars represent the significant differences ketamine vs. control)