Panel A: NSPC cultures were exposed to 10 μM of ketamine for different durations (X = 0, ½, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hours). Panel B: Tuj-1 staining of differentiated NSPCs exposed to 10 μM of ketamine for 0, 8, 10, and 48 hours. Panel C: time-dependent effects of ketamine on neuronal differentiation of NSPCs. (Stars represent the significant differences ketamine vs. control)