Table 2.

Differential diagnosis of malaria (adapted from)¹⁰

Intermittent fevers: borreliosis, brucellosis, trypanosomiasis, kala azar (visceral leishmanasis), babesiosis, sequential common infections, mononucleosis, rat-bite fever, idiopathic periodic fever, familial Mediterranean fever, lymphoma, juvenile reumathoid arthritis

Fever and headache: meningitis, encephalitis, sinusitis, influenza, typhus, enteroviral infection, tuberculosis, pneumonia, occult bacteraemia, common viral infections

Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, and malaise: enteric (typhoid) fever, viral or bacterial gastroenteritis, hepatitis, pyelonephritis, schistosomiasis (Katayama fever), amebiasis

Fever and jaundice with recent tropical travel: dengue fever, viral hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, yellow fever, plague, hepatitis, enteric (typhoid) fever, typhus, haemolytic- uremic syndrome (Shigella, E.coli)