Table 2. Foraging behavior, nesting dispersion, and developmental strategies of sampled outgroup taxa to Charadriiformes.

Strigiformes	Bubo virginianus	Great Horned Owl	OUVC 10220	AP	S	A	[2]
	Tyto alba	Barn Owl	Unknown	AP	S	A	[12], [13]
Passeriformes	Corvus moneduloides	New Caledonian Crow	Unknown	G	C	A	[23]
	Acridotheres tristis	Common Myna	EB 03404	TGF	S	A	[43]
Sphenisciformes	Paraptenodytes antarcticus †	–	AMNH 3338	FWPD	C	*	[17], [45]
	Pygocelis antarctica	Chinstrap Penguin	AMNH 26121	FWPD	C	*	[17], [45]
Gaviiformes	Gavia immer	Common Loon	TCWC 13300	FPD	S	P	[17], [45]
Pelecaniformes	Phalacrocorax carbo	Great Cormorant	EB 07227	FPD	C	A	[43]
	Prophaethon shrubsolei †	–	NHMUK 44096	*	*	*	[8]
Pelagornithidae	Odontopteryx toliapica †	Pseudotooth	NHMUK A683	ASS	*	*	[8]
Columbiformes	Columbia livia	Rock Dove	NSM PO	TGF	S	A	[13], [43]
Galloanserae	Anas platyrynchos	Mallard	EPSM-AV 1209	G	S	P	[18], [43]
	Chauna chauvaria	Northern Screamer	KU 81969	TGF	S	P	[18]
	Gallus gallus	Red Junglefowl	Unknown	TGF	S	P	[43]
	Phasianus versicolor	Green Pheasant	Unknown	TGF	S	P	[43]
Palaeognathae	Struthio camelus	Ostrich	Unknown	TGF	S	P	[13], [43]
	Rhea americana	Rhea	MLP 824	TGF	S	P	[7]
	Dinornis novazealandiae †	North Island Giant Moa	LB 7082	TGF	S	*	[13]
	Dinornis giganteus †	South Island Giant Moa	AMNH FR1000001	TGF	S	*	[18]

Extinct species are denoted by a “†”. *Ethological and developmental attributes of Prophaethon shrubsolei and Odontopteryx toliapica are largely unknown because these extinct taxa are known only from fossils; however, pseudotoothed birds such as Odontopteryx have been interpreted as aerial surface skimmers [84]. Abbreviations: A, altricial; AP  =  aerial predator; ASS, aerial surface skimmer; C, colonial; FPD, foot-propelled diver; G, generalist; FWPD, flightless wing-propelled diver; P, precocial; S, solitary; SP, semi-precocial; TAF, terrestrial aerial forager; TGF, terrestrial ground-forager.