Table 2.
Pre-quit | Post-quit | 1 year post-quit | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure | Abstinent at 1 year |
Smoking at 1 year |
Abstinent at 1 year |
Smoking at 1 year |
Abstinent at 1 year |
Smoking at 1 year |
Craving†‡ | 3.96a (2.13) |
4.42b (2.14) |
3.51c (2.48) |
4.61d (2.48) |
0.60ac (1.15) |
4.17bd (2.41) |
Restlessness† | 1.26a (1.31) |
1.70 (1.72) |
1.79c (1.86) |
2.32d (2.24) |
0.81ac (1.04) |
1.64d (1.73) |
Anger/ Irritability†* |
1.05a (1.16) |
1.30 (1.33) |
1.26c (1.47) |
1.66d (1.66) |
0.89ac (1.01) |
1.40d (1.43) |
Anxiety | 1.26 (1.12) |
1.64 (1.53) |
1.62c (1.53) |
1.99d (1.81) |
1.10c (1.11) |
1.66d (1.50) |
Sadness | 0.73 (1.02) |
1.02 (1.43) |
.75 (1.15) |
1.11 (1.50) |
0.69 (1.12) |
1.13 (1.46) |
Difficulty concentrating |
0.85 (1.02) |
1.14 (1.46) |
1.12c (1.51) |
1.40d (1.66) |
0.74c (0.98) |
1.16d (1.44) |
Hunger | 2.07 (1.58) |
2.11 (1.60) |
2.51c (1.80) |
2.46d (1.88) |
2.19c (1.79) |
2.19d (1.60) |
Positive affect | 2.04 (0.75) |
1.95b (0.72) |
2.06 (0.81) |
1.93d (0.79) |
2.11 (0.76) |
2.02bd (.71) |
Pleasure1 | 5.86a (1.44) |
5.59b (1.88) |
5.73c (1.67) |
5.42d (2.04) |
5.52ac (1.76) |
5.15bd (1.80) |
% days with a stressful event1 |
18.83a (22.33) |
22.15 (24.87) |
20.37c (24.48) |
22.04 (25.73) |
14.29ac (21.33) |
19.54 (25.38) |
Alcoholic drinks that day1 |
1.05 (1.54) |
0.75 (1.12) |
0.76c (1.70) |
0.66d (1.42) |
0.98c (2.20) |
0.95d (1.99) |
% of prompts smoking was permitted†‡ |
84.01a (21.07) |
84.25 (21.41) |
78.27c (30.02) |
80.15d (28.34) |
70.85ac (35.25) |
85.33d (23.96) |
Cigarettes smoked since last prompt2 |
4.71 (2.93) |
5.30b (3.13) |
-- | -- | -- | 3.77b (2.97) |
% time smoked <15 min. ago2 |
24.62 (18.11) |
29.46b (20.87) |
-- | -- | -- | 21.77b (21.94) |
Note. Within each row, numbers with the same superscript lowercase letter differ significantly.
denotes a measure that showed a significant interaction effect between Time and Abstinence Status such that quitters versus continuing smokers differed in how much they changed on this measure from pre-quit to 1 year post-quit, while
denotes a measure that showed a significant interaction effect from immediately post-quit to 1 year.
The interaction effect between Time (pre-quit vs. 1 year post-quit) and Abstinence Status for anger/irritability had a p value of .012 (just shy of the p < .01 needed for the effect to be significant with the Holm-Bonferroni correction). N = 572 (215 abstinent and 357 smoking at 1 year) except for measure names followed by numerical superscripts.
n = 517 (202 abstinent and 315 smoking at 1 year).
n = 534 (215 abstinent and 319 smoking at 1 year).