Table 1.
The mean values and the standard deviations of all parameters
| Anterior superior iliac spine | Umbilicus | Midpoint between umbilicus and sternum | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contralateral | Midline | Ipsilateral | Contralateral | Midline | Ipsilateral | Contralateral | Midline | Ipsilateral | |||
| Lumbar lordosis (1.44 ± 2.65)† | |||||||||||
| Naked eye | 18.12 ± 3.47 | 18.17 ± 3.78 | 22.45 ± 3.87 | 18.14 ± 3.97 | 19.18 ± 3.46 | 22.74 ± 3.74 | 14.58 ± 3.37*b | 15.99 ± 3.43*b | 19.56 ± 3.72*b | ||
| Loupe*a | 11.97 ± 5.84 | 12.98 ± 5.70 | 15.68 ± 5.33 | 11.70 ± 6.67 | 12.12 ± 5.11 | 15.48 ± 5.21 | 9.76 ± 5.78**b | 10.68 ± 4.62*b | 13.35 ± 4.18 | ||
| Out of loupe | 19.33 ± 4.78 | 19.99 ± 4.97 | 23.69 ± 4.53 | 19.90 ± 5.78 | 21.14 ± 4.41 | 24.80 ± 4.90 | 16.41 ± 4.90**b | 17.72 ± 4.43**b | 20.67 ± 4.43**b | ||
| Thoracic kyphosis (11.55 ± 2.37)† | |||||||||||
| Naked eye | 19.11 ± 2.76 | 19.04 ± 2.87 | 18.15 ± 2.69 | 19.00 ± 2.36 | 19.20 ± 2.50 | 18.25 ± 2.04 | 19.24 ± 2.26 | 19.06 ± 2.16 | 18.65 ± 2.01 | ||
| Loupe**a | 17.17 ± 1.81 | 17.10 ± 1.79 | 16.82 ± 1.60 | 16.54 ± 1.59 | 16.44 ± 1.51 | 16.01 ± 1.28**b | 16.49 ± 1.51 | 16.15 ± 1.34 | 16.03 ± 1.22 | ||
| Out of loupe | 18.95 ± 3.38 | 18.95 ± 3.18 | 18.12 ± 2.99 | 18.61 ± 3.34**b | 18.76 ± 2.97**b | 17.90 ± 2.57**b | 19.57 ± 3.29 | 19.31 ± 2.94 | 18.86 ± 2.67 | ||
| Cervical lordosis (−25.71 ± 2.02)† | |||||||||||
| Naked eye | −45.01 ± 6.24 | −45.19 ± 6.55 | −48.44 ± 6.93 | −45.32 ± 5.79 | −45.74 ± 5.89 | −48.55 ± 6.49 | −42.93 ± 4.98**b | −43.91 ± 4.98 | −46.14 ± 4.60**b | ||
| Loupe*a | −37.82 ± 4.87 | −38.46 ± 4.67 | −40.11 ± 5.76 | −36.71 ± 4.59 | −36.28 ± 4.17 | −38.45 ± 5.16 | −35.94 ± 5.04**b | −35.51 ± 5.03*b | −37.72 ± 5.35**b | ||
| Out of loupe | −46.62 ± 5.71 | −47.41 ± 6.16 | −49.74 ± 6.90 | −46.89 ± 5.34 | −47.88 ± 5.48 | −50.08 ± 6.23 | −45.65 ± 5.02 | −46.60 ± 6.22 | −48.83 ± 5.67 | ||
| Occipital angle (13.57 ± 1.85)† | |||||||||||
| Naked eye | −34.13 ± 5.59 | −34.51 ± 5.60 | −37.51 ± 5.45 | −34.05 ± 4.48 | −35.46 ± 4.24 | −38.02 ± 3.87 | −31.68 ± 3.89 | −33.20 ± 3.18**b | −35.87 ± 2.70 | ||
| Loupe*a | −21.90 ± 5.82 | −22.07 ± 5.42 | −24.86 ± 5.87 | −19.85 ± 4.56 | −19.91 ± 3.96 | −22.96 ± 4.60 | −19.06 ± 5.26**b | −18.95 ± 5.15**b | −22.60 ± 4.61 | ||
| Out of loupe | −35.62 ± 4.72 | −37.15 ± 3.92 | −38.95 ± 4.37 | −36.03 ± 5.23 | −37.62 ± 4.35 | −39.98 ± 4.37 | −35.77 ± 4.52 | −36.81 ± 5.25 | −39.33 ± 3.85 | ||
aDifferences according to methods to see surgical field
bDifferences according to operating table height
* p < 0.01
** p < 0.05
† Static values