Table 4. Behavioral and mental health correlates with passenger seatbelt use among respondents ages 18 and older in the United States.
| Drive without seatbelt | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| No (N = 35,335) | Yes (N = 1,188) | |||||||
|
|
||||||||
| Row % | 95% CI | Row % | 95% CI | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
| Substance Misuse | ||||||||
| Nicotine | ||||||||
| No | 98.05 | (97.8-98.3) | 1.95 | (1.7-2.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 94.70 | (93.6-95.6) | 5.30 | (4.4-6.4) | 2.81 | (2.21-3.38) | 1.77 | (1.38-2.27) |
| Alcohol | ||||||||
| No | 97.78 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.21 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 96.38 | (95.4-96.2) | 3.62 | (2.8-4.6) | 1.66 | (1.25-2.19) | 1.29 | (0.98-1.70) |
| Marijuana | ||||||||
| No | 97.76 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.24 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 91.95 | (87.4-94.9) | 8.05 | (5.0-12.6) | 3.82 | (2.29-6.37) | 2.52 | (1.48-4.29) |
|
Antisocial Risk
Behavior |
||||||||
| Driving Under Influence |
||||||||
| No | 97.87 | (97.6-98.1) | 2.13 | (1.9-2.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 96.81 | (96.2-97.3) | 3.19 | (2.7-3.8) | 1.51 | (1.22-1.88) | 1.54 | (1.24-1.92) |
| Theft (< $50) | ||||||||
| No | 97.78 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.22 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 93.16 | (90.2-95.3) | 6.84 | (4.7-9.8) | 3.23 | (2.14-4.87) | 2.19 | (1.43-3.37) |
| Sold Drugs | ||||||||
| No | 97.80 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.20 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 93.63 | (91.1-95.4) | 6.37 | (4.5-8.8) | 3.02 | (2.08-4.39) | 1.80 | (1.21-2.68) |
| Violent Attack | ||||||||
| No | 97.79 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.21 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 93.21 | (90.7-95.1) | 6.79 | (4.9-9.3) | 3.22 | (2.24-4.63) | 1.95 | (1.35-2.83) |
|
Criminal Justice System |
||||||||
| Parole | ||||||||
| No | 97.76 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.24 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 91.61 | (85.7-95.2) | 8.39 | (4.8-14.2) | 4.00 | (2.18-7.34) | 2.13 | (1.16-3.90) |
| Larceny | ||||||||
| No | 97.76 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.24 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 93.94 | (89.3-96.6) | 6.06 | (3.3-10.7) | 2.81 | (1.49-5.29) | 1.58 | (0.83-2.99) |
| Lethal Violence | ||||||||
| No | 97.76 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.24 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 88.77 | (76.7-94.9) | 11.23 | (5.0-23.3) | 5.52 | (2.29-13.3) | 3.57 | (1.36-9.33) |
| Assault | ||||||||
| No | 97.77 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.23 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 93.47 | (88.5-96.4) | 6.53 | (3.6-11.5) | 3.05 | (1.63-5.73) | 1.73 | (0.88-3.39) |
| Drug Possession/Sale |
||||||||
| No | 97.76 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.24 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 93.94 | (90.0-96.4) | 6.06 | (3.6-10.0) | 2.82 | (1.61-4.92) | 1.36 | (0.76-2.44) |
|
Psychological
Morbidity |
||||||||
| Mild | ||||||||
| No | 97.87 | (97.6-98.1) | 2.13 | (1.9-2.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 96.60 | (95.3-97.5) | 3.40 | (2.5-4.7) | 1.61 | (1.13-2.30) | 1.47 | (1.01-2.13) |
| Moderate | ||||||||
| No | 97.80 | (97.5-98.0) | 2.21 | (2.0-2.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 96.27 | (94.4-97.5) | 3.73 | (2.4-5.6) | 1.71 | (1.09-2.68) | 1.47 | 0.93-2.30) |
| Serious | ||||||||
| No | 97.85 | (97.6-98.1) | 2.15 | (1.9-2.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 96.42 | (95.3-97.3) | 3.58 | (2.7-4.7) | 1.69 | (1.24-2.30) | 1.48 | (1.07-2.03) |
| Dual Diagnosis | ||||||||
| No | 97.80 | (97.6-98.1) | 2.18 | (1.9-2.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 95.40 | (94.1-96.4) | 4.60 | (3.6-5.9) | 2.17 | (1.63-2.88) | 1.62 | (1.22-2.16) |
Note: Adjusted odds ratios adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education level, and county population density. Odds ratios and confidence intervals in bold are statistically significant (p < .05)