Table 2.
Relationships of Risk Factors with Concurrent Central Retinal Venular Equivalent and the Rate of Change in Central Retinal Venular Equivalent Over Time
| Concurrent CRVE | Rate of Change in CRVE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor* | β Estimate | 95% CI | P value | β Estimate | 95% CI | P value |
| Sex (men vs. women) | 7.13 | 5.45, 8.81 | <.001 | 0.04 | −0.04, 0.11 | 0.33 |
| Mean arterial blood pressure (per 5 mmHg) | −0.33 | −0.46, −0.20 | <.001 | −0.01 | −0.02, 0.004 | 0.23 |
| Hypertension present | −0.50 | −1.19, 0.20 | 0.16 | −0.07 | −0.13, −0.01 | 0.02 |
| Intraocular pressure (per 2 mmHg) | 0.01 | −0.19, 0.22 | 0.89 | 0.001 | −0.02, 0.02 | 0.87 |
| Body mass index (per 3 kg/m2) | 0.33 | 0.08, 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01, 0.05 | <.001 |
| History of cardiovascular disease | 0.96 | −0.15, 2.06 | 0.09 | −0.11 | −0.20, −0.02 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes present | −0.09 | −0.73, 0.56 | 0.79 | −0.03 | −0.09, 0.02 | 0.25 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (per 1%) | 0.39 | 0.12, 0.66 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02, 0.03 | 0.60 |
| Total cholesterol (per 20 mg/dL) | 0.04 | −0.12, 0.19 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.01, 0.03 | <.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | −1.08 | −1.33, −0.83 | <.001 | 0.005 | −0.01, 0.02 | 0.63 |
| Current nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use | −1.50 | −2.02, −0.98 | <.001 | −0.01 | −0.06, 0.04 | 0.80 |
| Current aspirin use | 0.55 | −0.08, 1.18 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.12, −0.001 | 0.04 |
| Current heavy drinking | 1.43 | −0.85, 3.72 | 0.22 | 0.04 | −0.18, 0.26 | 0.75 |
| Current smoking | 9.55 | 8.40, 10.70 | <.001 | 0.04 | −0.05, 0.13 | 0.39 |
| Pack-years (per 5) | 0.40 | 0.30, 0.50 | <.001 | −0.01 | −0.02, −0.003 | 0.01 |
| Years since stopping smoking (per 5) | −0.98 | −1.25, −0.71 | <.001 | −0.02 | −0.04, 0.001 | 0.07 |
| Years smoked (per 5) | 1.23 | 1.02, 1.44 | <.001 | −0.04 | −0.05, −0.02 | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease present | −0.42 | −2.38, 1.54 | 0.67 | −0.21 | −0.35, −0.07 | <.001 |
| Serum creatinine (per 0.1 mg/dL) | −0.09 | −0.24, 0.05 | 0.20 | −0.02 | −0.03, −0.004 | 0.01 |
| Estimated GFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.02 | 0.0006, 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.001 | −0.0005, 0.003 | 0.18 |
| White blood cell count (per 1000/µL) | 1.19 | 0.99, 1.40 | <.001 | −0.02 | −0.03, 0.00 | 0.02 |
| Serum 8-isoprostane (per pg/mL) | 0.002 | −0.01, 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.0001 | −0.001, 0.001 | 0.79 |
| Serum sVCAM-1 (per ng/mL) | −0.001 | −0.004, 0.002 | 0.47 | −0.00003 | −0.0002, 0.0002 | 0.81 |
| Serum C-reactive protein (per mg/L) | 0.16 | 0.10, 0.21 | <.001 | −0.007 | −0.01, −0.001 | <.001 |
CI, confidence interval; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high density lipoprotein; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.
*
All are adjusted for image focus, cataract status, refraction, and height and use age as the time scale.