Table 1.
Distribution of the sample (%) and bivariate analysis of adolescent psychopathology at 15 years of age and family, maternal, and adolescent variables from birth to 11 years
| Variable | % | Conduct problems (mean [SD]) | p | Emotional problems (mean [SD]) | p | Attentional/hyperactivity problems (mean [SD]) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family variables | |||||||
| Socioeconomic status changes | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Low-low | 20.7 | 2.66 (2.41) | 4.37 (2.88) | 4.05 (3.01) | |||
| Low-intermediate | 16.2 | 2.46 (2.32) | 4.07 (2.69) | 3.94 (3.13) | |||
| Low-high | 6.4 | 2.26 (2.20) | 4.01 (2.78) | 4.01 (3.02) | |||
| Intermediate-low | 8.6 | 2.72 (2.38) | 4.19 (2.60) | 4.08 (3.13) | |||
| Intermediate-intermediate | 10.9 | 2.35 (2.35) | 4.01 (2.66) | 3.87 (3.21) | |||
| Intermediate-high | 9.3 | 1.87 (1.99) | 3.42 (2.56) | 3.68 (2.98) | |||
| High-low | 3.8 | 2.54 (2.38) | 4.26 (2.82) | 3.75 (2.98) | |||
| High-intermediate | 6.5 | 2.17 (2.08) | 4.03 (2.49) | 3.69 (2.98) | |||
| High-high | 17.6 | 1.57 (1.82) | 3.27 (2.43) | 3.20 (2.91) | |||
| Stressful events | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| 0 | 51.2 | 2.02 (2.13) | 3.62 (2.58) | 3.57 (3.00) | |||
| 1 | 35.4 | 2.40 (2.29) | 4.07 (2.72) | 3.88 (3.07) | |||
| 2 + | 13.4 | 3.04 (2.48) | 4.84 (2.80) | 4.50 (3.12) | |||
| Maternal variables | |||||||
| Age (years) | <.001 | .064 | <.001 | ||||
| <20 | 17.4 | 2.84 (2.42) | 4.13 (2.68) | 4.40 (3.07) | |||
| 20–34 | 71.6 | 2.20 (2.22) | 3.88 (2.70) | 3.68 (3.03) | |||
| ≥35 | 11.0 | 1.98 (2.14) | 4.01 (2.62) | 3.60 (3.05) | |||
| Schooling (years) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| 0–4 | 28.0 | 2.66 (2.41) | 4.49 (2.82) | 4.01 (2.96) | |||
| 5–8 | 46.2 | 2.38 (2.31) | 3.98 (2.66) | 3.93 (3.12) | |||
| ≤9 | 25.8 | 1.67 (1.85) | 3.26 (2.44) | 3.30 (2.98) | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 33.4 | 2.81 (2.43) | 4.15 (2.68) | 4.28 (3.08) | |||
| No | 66.6 | 2.02 (2.13) | 3.83 (2.69) | 3.56 (3.02) | |||
| Mental health | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Screening + | 30.9 | 3.11 (2.42) | 5.02 (2.68) | 4.64 (3.03) | |||
| Screening − | 69.1 | 1.92 (2.09) | 3.45 (2.55) | 3.41 (2.99) | |||
| Marital Status | <.001 | .475 | .002 | ||||
| Married/partner | 88.1 | 2.23 (2.24) | 3.93 (2.69) | 3.74 (3.04) | |||
| No | 11.9 | 2.65 (2.37) | 4.02 (2.69) | 4.20 (3.12) | |||
| Adolescent variables | |||||||
| Sex | .002 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Male | 49.7 | 2.18 (2.20) | 3.49 (2.56) | 4.21 (3.14) | |||
| Female | 50.3 | 2.39 (2.31) | 4.39 (2.73) | 3.40 (2.92) | |||
| Skin color | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| White | 64.1 | 2.05 (2.13) | 3.77 (2.62) | 3.61 (3.02) | |||
| Black | 14.1 | 2.69 (2.44) | 4.20 (2.81) | 4.03 (3.12) | |||
| Mixed | 18.1 | 2.69 (2.40) | 4.29 (2.78) | 4.27 (3.06) | |||
| Native/Asian | 3.7 | 2.73 (2.36 | 4.23 (2.64) | 3.88 (3.12) | |||
SD = standard deviation.