Table 2.
Adolescents’ conduct problems at 15 years of age, according to socioeconomic changes from birth to 11 years: crude and adjusted analyses
| Socioeconomic status changes | Crude analysis β (95% CI) | Adjusted analyses 1a β (95% CI) | Adjusted analyses 2b β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| High-high | Reference (.000) | Reference (.000) | Reference (.000) |
| High-intermediate | .598 (.287–.910) | .378 (.067–.689) | .288 (−.016–.593) |
| High-low | .967 (.585–1.350) | .582 (.197–.967) | .430 (.052–.808) |
| Intermediate-high | .297 (.024–.571) | .159 (−.114–.432) | .144 (−.123–.411) |
| Intermediate-intermediate | .780 (.518–1.042) | .444 (.175–.714) | .392 (.128–.655) |
| Intermediate-low | 1.150 (.867–1.433) | .713 (.418–1.008) | .555 (.266–.845) |
| Low-high | .682 (.370–.993) | .365 (.048–.683) | .294 (−.016–.605) |
| Low-intermediate | .889 (.656–1.121) | .472 (.221–.722) | .353 (.107–.598) |
| Low-low | 1.085 (.864–1.306) | .559 (.310–.807) | .328 (.082–.573) |
CI = confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for sex, skin color, maternal age, schooling, smoking during pregnancy, and marital status (Model 1); adjusted R2 = .065.
b
Adjusted for Model 1 + stressful events and mother’s mental health at age 11 years; adjusted R2 = .111. Bold data indicate significant (p < .05) findings.