Table 3.
Adolescents’ emotional problems at 15 years of age, according to socioeconomic changes from birth to 11 years: crude and adjusted analyses
| Socioeconomic status changes | Crude analysis β (95% CI) | Adjusted analyses 1a β (95% CI) | Adjusted analyses 2b β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| High-high | Reference (.000) | Reference (.000) | Reference (.000) |
| High-intermediate | .765 (.391–1.139) | .562 (.189–.934) | .435 (.074–.796) |
| High-low | .992 (.533–1.452) | .592 (.131–1.053) | .448 (−.001–.896) |
| Intermediate-high | .149 (−.180–.478) | −.016 (−.343–.312) | −.034 (−.351–.283) |
| Intermediate-intermediate | .740 (.426–1.055) | .374 (.051–.697) | .284 (−.028–.598) |
| Intermediate-low | .926 (.585–1.266) | .508 (.154–.862) | .294 (−.049–.638) |
| Low-high | .739 (.364–1.113) | .468 (.087–.848) | .344 (−.024–.713) |
| Low-intermediate | .801 (.521–1.082) | .400 (.100–.700) | .236 (−.055–.527) |
| Low-low | 1.102 (.837–1.367) | .611 (.313–.909) | .287 (−.004–.577) |
CI = confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for sex, skin color, maternal age, schooling, smoking during pregnancy, and marital status (Model 1); adjusted R2 = .061.
b
Adjusted for Model 1 + stressful events and mother’s mental health at age 11 years; adjusted R2 = .126. Bold data indicate significant (p < .05) findings.