Table 5.

Pain-related psychological variables (48–72 hours after surgery) associated with APSP (2 weeks after discharge) intensity and unpleasantness and functional disability using linear regression analysis

	β	t	P	F	df	Adj R2	R2 change
Pain intensity
Step 1			0.261	1.38	3;45	0.02	0.08
Age	0.18	1.25	0.219
Gender	0.23	1.55	0.127
Morphine equivalent	−0.13	−0.91	0.367
Step 2			0.105	1.95	5;43	0.09	0.10
Age	0.24	1.62	0.112
Gender	0.20	1.38	0.174
Morphine equivalent	−0.12	−0.79	0.433
CES-DC	0.42	2.15	0.037
MASC-10	−0.17	−0.85	0.400
Step 3
Age	No variables entered using stepwise method
Gender
CES-DC
MASC-10
Pain unpleasantness
Step 1			0.436	0.93	3;45	−0.01	0.06
Age	0.10	0.70	0.491
Gender	0.75	0.51	0.611
Morphine equivalent	−0.23	−1.52	0.135
Step 2			0.142	1.76	5;43	0.07	0.11
Age	0.17	1.18	0.245
Gender	0.09	0.60	0.550
Morphine equivalent	−0.18	−1.21	0.233
CES-DC	0.35	1.76	0.085
MASC-10	−0.01	−0.01	0.994
Step 3
Age	No variables entered using stepwise method
Gender
CES-DC
MASC-10
Functional disability
Step 1			0.302	1.25	3;45	0.08	0.08
Age	−0.01	−0.04	0.965
Gender	−0.16	−1.08	0.285
Morphine equivalent	−0.24	−1.66	0.104
Step 2			0.002*	4.53	5;43	0.35	0.27
Age	0.10	0.76	0.453
Gender	−0.14	−1.10	0.277
Morphine equivalent	−0.18	−1.34	0.188
CES-DC	0.56	3.21	0.002
MASC-10	−0.04	−0.23	0.823
Step 3			0.001*	5.32	6;42	0.43	0.09
Age	0.04	0.31	0.758
Gender	−0.15	−1.18	0.246
Morphine equivalent	−0.19	−1.53	0.133
CES-DC	0.42	2.42	0.020
MASC-10	−0.18	−1.01	0.319
CPASS	0.39	2.54	0.015

Note: P < 0.05

Abbreviations: Adj, adjusted; APSP, acute post-surgical pain; CPASS, Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale; PCSC, Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Children; CESD-C, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale for Children; MASC-10, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-10.