Table 2. Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies (%) in the 31 populations from Tamil Nadu.
| POPULATIONS | N | C-M130 | E-M96 | F-M89 | G-M201 | H-M69 | H1-M52 | H1a-M197 | H2-Apt | J-M304 | J2-M172 | J2a1-M47 | J2a3-M68 | K-M9 | L1-M27 | L3-M357 | O-M175 | P-M45 | Q-M242 | R-M207 | R1a1-M17 | R2-M124 | Nei Gene Diversity (SD) | |
| HTF-Hill Tribe Foragers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paniya | 72 | 15.28 | 0.00 | 75.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 1.39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 1.39 | 2.78 | 1.39 | 0.418 (0.067) | 0.00 | |
| Paliyan | 95 | 10.53 | 0.00 | 55.79 | 2.11 | 2.11 | 11.58 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 3.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.16 | 0.00 | 0.659 (0.049) | 9.47 | |
| Pulayar | 63 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 57.14 | 0.00 | 6.35 | 11.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 1.59 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 3.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.640 (0.060) | 15.87 | |
| Irula | 80 | 6.25 | 0.00 | 36.25 | 0.00 | 18.75 | 7.50 | 0.00 | 8.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 0.799 (0.028) | 1.25 | |
| Kadar | 28 | 10.71 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 32.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.749 (0.032) | 28.57 | |
| HTF Total | 338 | 8.88 | 0.00 | 53.25 | 0.59 | 6.21 | 9.76 | 0.00 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 5.03 | 1.18 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 1.18 | 0.59 | 1.48 | 0.89 | 0.687 (0.025) | 8.28 | |
| HTC-Hill Tribe Cremating | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kanikaran | 17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.76 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 29.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.88 | 5.88 | 5.88 | 5.88 | 0.875 (0.058) | 5.88 | |
| Thoda | 26 | 7.69 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.54 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 38.46 | 0.00 | 7.69 | 3.85 | 3.85 | 3.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.54 | 0.834 (0.061) | 7.69 | |
| Kota | 62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.06 | 0.00 | 1.61 | 30.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.45 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.84 | 4.84 | 22.58 | 19.35 | 0.815 (0.026) | 0.00 | |
| HTC Total | 105 | 1.9 | 0.00 | 7.62 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 25.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.33 | 0.95 | 5.71 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 3.81 | 3.81 | 14.29 | 15.24 | 0.867 (0.016) | 2.86 | |
| HTK-Hill Tribe Kannada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Betta Kurumba | 17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 58.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.88 | 5.88 | 0.640 (0.116) | 0.00 | |
| Kattunaickan | 46 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 21.74 | 0.00 | 17.39 | 41.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.17 | 4.35 | 0.00 | 4.35 | 0.761 (0.044) | 4.35 | |
| Kurumba | 35 | 2.86 | 0.00 | 11.43 | 0.00 | 2.86 | 65.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.86 | 5.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.86 | 5.71 | 0.561 (0.096) | 0.00 | |
| Mullukurumba | 29 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 34.48 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.45 | 24.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.24 | 0.776 (0.036) | 0.00 | |
| HTK Total | 127 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 23.62 | 0.00 | 7.09 | 42.52 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.57 | 9.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 7.87 | 0.748 (0.028) | 1.57 | |
| SC-Schedule Caste | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parayar NTN | 52 | 7.69 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 1.92 | 3.85 | 34.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.62 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 0.00 | 1.92 | 1.92 | 3.85 | 9.62 | 0.836 (0.037) | 17.31 | |
| Parayar | 24 | 4.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.33 | 0.00 | 20.83 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.50 | 4.17 | 4.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.33 | 12.50 | 8.33 | 0.920 (0.029) | 12.50 | |
| Pallar | 51 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 5.88 | 7.84 | 5.88 | 11.76 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 15.69 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 13.73 | 9.80 | 0.914 (0.015) | 13.73 | |
| Paravar | 27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 14.81 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 18.52 | 0.00 | 7.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.70 | 3.70 | 11.11 | 0.815 (0.052) | 37.04 | |
| SC Total | 154 | 3.9 | 0.00 | 3.90 | 4.55 | 3.25 | 21.43 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 13.64 | 3.25 | 2.60 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 3.25 | 8.44 | 9.74 | 0.880 (0.012) | 18.83 | |
| DLF-Dry Land Farmers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yadhava | 107 | 2.80 | 0.00 | 5.61 | 1.87 | 3.74 | 19.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.87 | 20.56 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 14.95 | 10.28 | 0.860 (0.013) | 16.82 | |
| Vanniyar | 21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.52 | 4.76 | 0.00 | 4.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.52 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 14.29 | 14.29 | 0.876 (0.043) | 14.29 | |
| Vanniyar NTN | 96 | 7.29 | 1.04 | 8.33 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 13.54 | 0.00 | 3.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 23.96 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.08 | 11.46 | 9.38 | 0.889 (0.016) | 7.29 | |
| Nadar TNV | 59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.47 | 8.47 | 11.86 | 15.25 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 28.81 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.39 | 0.00 | 6.78 | 10.17 | 0.861 (0.025) | 5.08 | |
| Nadar Cape | 98 | 4.08 | 4.08 | 5.10 | 9.18 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 23.47 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 9.18 | 1.02 | 12.24 | 4.08 | 0.895 (0.015) | 9.18 | |
| Piramalai Kallar | 53 | 9.43 | 0.00 | 5.66 | 3.77 | 3.77 | 16.98 | 0.00 | 1.89 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.89 | 47.17 | 1.89 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.89 | 3.77 | 0.745 (0.055) | 1.89 | |
| Maravar | 80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.75 | 8.75 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.75 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 1.25 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 7.50 | 16.25 | 15.00 | 0.904 (0.011) | 13.75 | |
| DLF Total | 514 | 3.70 | 0.97 | 6.23 | 5.64 | 5.25 | 13.23 | 0.19 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 1.17 | 24.12 | 0.58 | 0.97 | 0.19 | 2.53 | 1.95 | 11.67 | 9.14 | 0.881 (0.007) | 10.12 | |
| AW-Artisan Warriors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Valayar | 95 | 6.32 | 0.00 | 12.63 | 2.11 | 8.42 | 10.53 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.42 | 2.11 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 20 | 15.79 | 0.890 (0.012) | 8.42 | |
| Tamil Jains | 100 | 4.00 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 22.00 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 9.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 18.00 | 20.00 | 0.862 (0.015) | 11.00 | |
| Ezhava | 95 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 3.16 | 5.26 | 25.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 24.21 | 5.26 | 0.823 (0.017) | 12.63 | |
| Mukkuvar | 17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.65 | 0.00 | 11.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.76 | 11.76 | 23.53 | 0.890 (0.040) | 17.65 | |
| AW Total | 307 | 3.26 | 0.00 | 5.21 | 2.28 | 5.21 | 19.22 | 0.00 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 12.05 | 1.63 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.98 | 20.20 | 14.33 | 0.870 (0.007) | 11.07 | |
| BRH-Brahmins | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sourashtra | 40 | 7.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 5.00 | 0.747 (0.041) | 2.50 | |
| Brahacharanam | 21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.52 | 0.00 | 9.52 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.76 | 0.00 | 19.05 | 33.33 | 4.76 | 0.848 (0.054) | 14.29 | |
| Iyengar | 11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 27.27 | 0.00 | 9.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 36.36 | 0.00 | 0.818 (0.083) | 18.18 | |
| Vadama | 63 | 3.17 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 4.76 | 0.00 | 7.94 | 0.00 | 3.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.59 | 14.29 | 1.59 | 3.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.35 | 47.62 | 0.00 | 0.746 (0.052) | 4.76 | |
| BRH Total | 135 | 3.70 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 4.44 | 0.00 | 13.33 | 0.00 | 2.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 13.33 | 0.74 | 1.48 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 5.93 | 42.22 | 2.22 | 0.779 (0.030) | 6.67 | |
| 31 populations TOTAL | 1680 | 4.4 | 0.3 | 16.25 | 3.10 | 4.70 | 17.38 | 0.06 | 1.49 | 0.12 | 9.35 | 0.06 | 1.19 | 0.77 | 13.99 | 1.13 | 0.83 | 0.36 | 1.55 | 2.02 | 12.74 | 8.21 | 0.886 (0.003) | |
SD (Standard Deviation).