Table 3. Maternal lifestyle, chemical exposure and dietary habits during pregnancy.
n | Detected As | n | Non-DetectedAs | p-value | |
Maternal tobacco smoke exposure (yes), (%) | |||||
Smoke before pregnancy | 4 | 17.4 | 12 | 29.3 | 0.292 |
Smoke during pregnancy | 0 | 0 | 8 | 17.0 | 0.021 |
Exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy | 2 | 9.5 | 15 | 39.5 | 0.015 |
Father smoking during pregnancy | 4 | 14.8 | 17 | 37.0 | 0.044 |
Drug abuse (yes), (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Alcohol consumption (yes), (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.429 |
Medicine use (yes), (%) | 25 | 86,2 | 40 | 85,1 | 0.895 |
Antidepressants | 2 | 7.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.059 |
Vitamin supplements | 8 | 30.8 | 5 | 11.4 | 0.044 |
Antibiotics | 0 | 0 | 8 | 18.2 | 0.021 |
Chemical exposure (yes), (%) | |||||
At work | 4 | 13.8 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.870 |
At hobby | 3 | 10.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.026 |
Live near pollutant areas | 4 | 14.3 | 6 | 12.8 | 0.851 |
Use of pesticides in the yard | 5 | 18.5 | 4 | 11.4 | 0.432 |
Use of head lice treatment | 1 | 3.6 | 2 | 4.3 | 0.870 |
Use of mothballs | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6.5 | 0.168 |
Use of products to control fleas on your pet | 9 | 32.1 | 18 | 39.1 | 0.545 |
Water source (%) | |||||
Private well | 1 | 3.3 | 1 | 2.0 | 0.582 |
Running water | 4 | 13.3 | 11 | 22.4 | |
Mineral water | 25 | 83.3 | 37 | 75.5 | |
Diet (times per week), mean (SD) | |||||
Full-Fat Milk | 11 | 14,5 (6.1) | 20 | 13,7 (6.1) | 0.714 |
Fat-Free Milk | 17 | 14,3 (10.0) | 29 | 14,1 (6.3) | 0.906 |
Fruit | 28 | 9,5 (6.9) | 47 | 7,6 (4.5) | 0.140 |
Vegetables | 28 | 6,5 (3.3) | 47 | 4,9 (2.8) | 0.031 |
Eggs | 28 | 2,1 (1.0) | 46 | 3,0 (2.0) | 0.039 |
Butter and/or Margarine | 16 | 4,1 (2.4) | 26 | 3,6 (2.5) | 0.541 |
Legume and Rice | 27 | 1,9 (1.6) | 42 | 1,7 (1.0) | 0.452 |
Nuts | 10 | 2,3 (1.8) | 13 | 1,9 (1.2) | 0.564 |
Red Meat | 24 | 1,8 (1.7) | 43 | 1,9 (0.8) | 0.812 |
Processed Meat (bacon, hamburguer, Frankfurt sausage) | 4 | 2,0 (0.8) | 12 | 1,2 (0.4) | 0.033 |
White Meat | 26 | 1,8 (0.8) | 46 | 2,1 (0.8) | 0.169 |
Fish | 27 | 1,9 (0.8) | 36 | 1,8 (0.7) | 0.587 |
Precooked Food | 8 | 2,1 (1.3) | 14 | 1,6 (1.1) | 0.306 |
Canned Food | 24 | 2,0 (0.9) | 36 | 2,0 (1.5) | 0.935 |
Commercial Juice | 16 | 6,2 (3.2) | 38 | 6,4 (4.9) | 0.877 |
Soft Drinks | 10 | 3,3 (2.3) | 21 | 5,2 (4.3) | 0.198 |
NA: Not applicable.
Chi-square test; p<0.05.