Table 3.
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis: OR and 95% CI for Family Influence at T1, T2, and Change in Family Influence (T2 − T1) Associated With Smoking Initiation at T2a
| Variable | OR | 95% CI |
| Models by racial/ethnic group | ||
| Race = White | ||
| Parent punishment (P) T2 − T1 | 1.28 | 1.05–1.58 |
| Parent punishment (T) T2 − T1 | 1.26 | 1.11–1.43 |
| Race = Black variable | ||
| Parent punishment (P) T2 | 0.6 | 0.43–0.83 |
| Parent monitoring (P) T2 − T1 | 1.59 | 1.15–2.2 |
| Race = Hispanic variable | ||
| Parent monitoring (Y) T1 | 0.69 | 0.49–0.98 |
| Parent punishment (T) T2 − T1 | 1.34 | 1.03–1.75 |
| Overall model for entire study sample variable | ||
| Parental education T1 | ||
| Less than college | 1 | |
| College or higher | 0.63 | 0.42–0.92 |
| Peer smoking T2 | ||
| Never | 1 | |
| Ever | 5.41 | 3.75–7.79 |
| Parental monitoring (Y) T1 | 0.67 | 0.52–0.87 |
| Parental monitoring (P) T2 − T1 | 1.55 | 1.21–1.99 |
| Punishment (T) T2 − T1 | 1.17 | 1.01–1.36 |
Note. OR = odds ratio. All analyses were controlled for age, gender, highest parent education (T1), annual family income (T1), family structure (T1), parental smoking status (T1), and peer smoking (T2), and mutual adjustment for the other variables is listed as P = as reported by the parent, Y = as reported by the youth (age 9–18 years), and T = as reported by the teens (age 14–18 years).