Figure 3. Effect of distance from nearest road on behaviour of elk.

Effect of the distance from the nearest road with a traffic volume of at least 12 vehicles per day on a) ln [length of foraging bouts], b) arcsine square root [proportion of time feeding], and c) arcsine square root [proportion of time travelling] in 870 focal elk observed in SW Alberta, Canada. Right y-axes represent back transformed data. The sample size was distributed as follows: n = 188 elk (0< d <250 meters, where d is the distance from the nearest road with a traffic volume of at least 12 vehicles per day), n = 230 elk (250≤ d <500 meters), n = 264 elk (500≤ d <1000 meters), and n = 188 elk (d ≥1000 meters).