Table 4. Effect of different human use types on behaviour of elk.

	scan frequency	grooming	scanning	travelling
HIKERS	−0.009±0.034 ns	−0.005±0.008 ns	−0.025±0.035 ns	0.109±0.027 **
BIKERS	−0.983±1.317 ns	0.117±0.337 ns	0.672±1.435 ns	−0.779±1.161 ns
EQUESTRIANS	0.055±0.190 ns	−0.012±0.048 ns	0.145±0.201 ns	−0.126±0.228 ns
ATVs	0.067±0.020 **	−0.017±0.005 **	0.078±0.017 ***	0.011±0.025 ns

Effect of different human use types – number of hikers, bikers, equestrians, and All Terrain Vehicles (ATV) users spotted by 32 motion activated cameras (public land n = 19, private land n = 13) – on 4 behavioural patterns recorded for focal elk (ln [scan frequency +1]; arcsine square root proportion of time grooming, scanning and travelling) observed during summer and hunting season in SW Alberta, Canada. The effect (β+SE) of each relationship was reported as estimated by linear regression [ns: not significant (p>0.4 in all cases); *: 0.05<p<0.01; **: 0.01<p<0.001; ***: p<0.001].