Table 3. Phenotypic results for metabolic and skeletal markers in female offspring separated by age and group.
| Maternal Diabetes | Paternal Diabetes | Controls | |||||||||
| Unit | Mean | SD | n (Prg) | Mean | SD | n (Prg) | Mean | SD | n (Prg) | ||
| 14 weeks | Weight | g | 19.22 * | 0.97 | 18 (10) | 20.48 | 1.42 | 27 (14) | 20.69 | 1 | 42 (20) |
| Length | cm | 9.4 | 0.3 | 3 (3) | 9.31 | 0.21 | 13 (6) | 9.15 | 0.27 | 16 (7) | |
| Glucose | mmol/L | 8.46 | 1.65 | 14 (9) | 7.46 | 0.95 | 6 (4) | 7.46 | 1.33 | 36 (18) | |
| AUC | 1932.2 * | 787.1 | 14 (9) | 1700.1 | 688.8 | 6 (4) | 1405.5 | 458.9 | 35 (18) | ||
| Insulin | ng/ml | 0.43 | 0.19 | 8 (4) | na | na | 0.42 | 0.64 | 8 (3) | ||
| Leptin | ng/ml | 1.26 | 0.24 | 8 (4) | na | na | 0.77 | 0.27 | 7 (3) | ||
| BMD | g/cm2 | 0.046 | 0.001 | 3 (3) | 0.048 | 0.002 | 5 (4) | 0.049 | 0.002 | 16 (7) | |
| BMC | g | 0.39 | 0.031 | 3 (3) | 0.4 | 0.03 | 5 (4) | 0.44 | 0.053 | 16 (7) | |
| Area | cm2 | 8.42 | 0.39 | 3 (3) | 8.37 | 0.3 | 5 (4) | 8.97 | 0.77 | 16 (7) | |
| LBW | g | 16.27 | 1.3 | 3 (3) | 16.74 | 1.36 | 5 (4) | 15.94 | 1.19 | 16 (7) | |
| Tb.Th | mm | 0.05 | 0.005 | 8 (4) | 0.047 | 0.004 | 6 (4) | 0.05 | 0.005 | 19 (7) | |
| Tb.N | /mm | 3.41 | 0.21 | 8 (4) | 3.38 | 0.5 | 6 (4) | 3.5 | 0.27 | 19 (7) | |
| Cort. area | mm2 | 0.68 | 0.05 | 8 (4) | 0.699 | 0.101 | 6 (4) | 0.702 | 0.039 | 20 (7) | |
| BA/TA | % | 43.5 | 2.4 | 8 (4) | 44.2 | 2.9 | 6 (4) | 44.5 | 1.4 | 20 (7) | |
| Cort. Th. | mm | 0.169 | 0.011 | 8 (4) | 0.173 | 0.019 | 6 (4) | 0.175 | 0.007 | 20 (7) | |
| 26 weeks | Weight | g | 21.05 * | 1.35 | 7 (4) | 24.98 | 2.11 | 15 (6) | 24.16 | 1.63 | 28 (11) |
| Length | cm | 9.48 | 0.21 | 5 (3) | 10.13 * | 0.23 | 9 (3) | 9.73 | 0.28 | 20 (11) | |
| Glucose | mmol/L | 10.0 * | 1.16 | 6 (4) | 8.43 | 1.22 | 12 (6) | 7.97 | 1.77 | 24 (10) | |
| AUC | 1614.5 | 210.09 | 6 (4) | 1370.7 | 325.33 | 5 (4) | 1574.7 | 437.31 | 24 (10) | ||
| Insulin | ng/ml | 0.39 | 0.07 | 5 (3) | na | na | 0.52 | 0.16 | 12 (7) | ||
| Leptin | ng/ml | 0.94 | 0.06 | 5 (3) | na | na | 1.66 | 0.91 | 10 (6) | ||
| BMD | g/cm2 | 0.052 * | 0.001 | 7 (5) | 0.055 | 0.002 | 9 (3) | 0.055 | 0.001 | 20 (11) | |
| BMC | g | 0.46 | 0.03 | 7 (5) | 0.47 | 0.03 | 9 (3) | 0.48 | 0.02 | 20 (11) | |
| Area | cm2 | 8.95 | 0.54 | 7 (5) | 8.58 | 0.44 | 9 (3) | 8.84 | 0.41 | 20 (11) | |
| LBW | g | 16.84 * | 1.15 | 7 (5) | 19.96 * | 1.06 | 9 (3) | 18.66 | 1.37 | 20 (11) | |
| BFAT | g | 3.71 | 0.35 | 7 (5) | 5.62 | 1.24 | 9 (3) | 5.19 | 1.01 | 20 (11) | |
| %Fat | 18.05 | 1.45 | 7 (5) | 21.85 | 3.67 | 9 (3) | 21.64 | 2.98 | 20 (11) | ||
| Tb.Th | mm | 0.048 | 0.006 | 7 (5) | 0.05 | 0.006 | 9 (3) | 0.05 | 0.005 | 18 (10) | |
| Tb.N | /mm | 2.76 | 0.14 | 7 (5) | 2.61 | 0.3 | 9 (3) | 2.66 | 0.19 | 18 (10) | |
| Cort. area | mm2 | 0.761 * | 0.043 | 7 (5) | 0.84 | 0.033 | 9 (3) | 0.836 | 0.044 | 18 (10) | |
| BA/TA | % | 47.6 * | 2 | 7 (5) | 48.8 | 1.3 | 9 (3) | 49.2 | 1.8 | 18 (10) | |
| Cort. Th. | mm | 0.192 * | 0.009 | 7 (5) | 0.203 | 0.006 | 9 (3) | 0.203 | 0.007 | 18 (10) | |
Mean+STD and animal numbers (n) as well as numbers of pregnancies () are provided for male offspring at 14 and 26 weeks of age for phenotypic markers obtained in offspring of maternal diabetes, paternal diabetes and controls. Significant differences to control offspring (p<0.05) are highlighted in grey shaded boxes (*, p<0.05).
AUC: Area under the curve for glucose response after ipGTT, BMD: bone mineral density, BMC: bone mineral content, LBW: lean body weight, BFAT: body fat, Tb.Th.: trabecular thickness, Tb.N.: number of trabeculae, Cort. Area: Cortical area, BA/TA: Bone area/trabecular area, Cort. Th.: Cortical thickness.