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. 2012 Nov 14;4(11):1309–1322. doi: 10.3390/toxins4111309

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© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Venn diagram of 61 anionic and 85 cationic compounds evaluated in this study. (A) indoxyl sulfate and o-hydroxybezoate. (B) 4-oxopentanoate, hippurate, N-acetylneuraminate and 4-pyridoxate. (C) anthranilate, glycerophosphorylcholine, nicotinamide, glutamine, asparagine, dihydrouracil, glutamate, creatine, γ-butyrobetaine and 1-methylnicotinamide. (D) glycine, γ-guanidinobutyrate, N-γ-ethylglutamine, allantoin, cytosine, 5-methylcytosine and imidazole-4-acetate. (E) Trimethylamine N-oxide. (F) Tryptophan. Groups B and D may represent uremic compounds that indicate the effects of AST-120.