Table 2.
Changes in plasma concentration of the identified compounds in 5/6Nx rats or CKD patients. N.S. indicates that the compound concentration was not significantly changed in renal failure rats or human. Not Detected indicates that the compound concentration in plasma was lower than the detection limit of CE-MS. NA indicates that the compound was not assessed in this experiment.
| Anionic compounds | In this experiment | Reported by Kikuchi et al. [9] | Reported in human by Toyohara T. et al. [13] | Others | References |
| 4-Oxopentanoate | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | |||
| Hippurate | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | ↑ in uremia | [19] |
| N-Acetylneuraminate | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| 4-Pyridoxate | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Indoxyl sulfate | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | ↑ in uremia | [8,19] |
| o-Hydroxybenzoate | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Phenyl sulfate | NA | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | NA | ||
| 4-Ethylphenyl sulfate | NA | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | NA | ||
| p-Cresyl sulfate | NA | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | NA | ||
| Cationic compounds | In this experiment | Repoted by Kikuchi et al. [9] | Reported in human by Toyohara T. et al. [13] | Others | References |
| Gly | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | N.S. | |||
| g-Guanidinobutyrate | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | N.S. | ↑ in uremia | [19] | |
| N-g-Ethylglutamine | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Allantoin | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | ↑ in CKD patients | [20] | |
| Cytosine | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | |||
| 5-Methylcytosine | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Imidazole-4-acetate | ↑ by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Anthranilate | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Glycerophosphorylcholine | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | N.S. | |||
| Nicotinamide | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Gln | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↓ in CKD patients | |||
| Asn | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | |||
| Dihydrouracil | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | Not Detected | |||
| Glu | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | N.S. | |||
| Creatine | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | N.S. | ↑ in uremia | [19] | |
| g-Butyrobetaine | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | |||
| 1-Methylnicotinamide | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↓ by AST-120 | N.S. | |||
| Trp | ↓ by 5/6Nx, ↑ by AST-120 | ↓ in CKD patients | ↓ in uremic rats | [24] | |
| Trimethylamine N-oxide | N.S. by 5/6Nx, ↑ by AST-120 | ↑ in CKD patients | ↑ in CKD patients | [25] |