Figure 2.

Overview of literature examining effects of climate warming on plants, insects, and higher trophic level organisms. A, Cumulative number of studies (log scale) from 1980 to 2012 located using Web of Knowledge. Common topic and boolean search terms included (“climate change” or “global change”) and (temperature or warming) and (growth or development or phenology). Unique search terms for individual trophic categories (graphed lines) included (1) plant (not insect), (2) insect, (3) insect and (herbiv* or outbreak), (4) insect and (parasit* or predator* or tritrophic or multitrophic). B, Comparison of studies on (1) plants, (2) plant-insect interactions, and (3) higher trophic or multitrophic level interactions. Search terms were the same as those used in A, excluding the section representing plant-insect interactions, which involved search terms insect and plant. All searches were conducted August 15, 2012 using Web of Knowledge at the University of Wisconsin.