Ecophysiology |
|
Water use efficiency |
Ward and Kelly (2004); Ainsworth and Long (2005); Edwards et al. (2012)
|
Photosynthesis |
Ainsworth and Long (2005); Nakamura et al. (2011); Edwards et al. (2012); Leakey and Lau (2012); Ziska et al. (2012)
|
Chlorophyll fluorescence |
Edwards et al. (2012) |
Stomatal conductance |
Ward and Kelly (2004); Ainsworth and Long (2005); Long et al. (2006)
|
Carbon-nitrogen ratio |
Nakamura et al. (2011); Robinson et al. (2012)
|
Chlorophyll content of leaves |
Nakamura et al. (2011) |
Morphology |
|
Leaf thickness, area, length, width |
Etterson and Shaw (2001); Etterson (2004); Ainsworth and Long (2005); Byars et al. (2007); Edwards et al. (2012)
|
Trichome density |
Robinson et al. (2012) |
Stomatal density |
Ward and Kelly (2004) |
Root-shoot ratio |
Nakamura et al. (2011); Edwards et al. (2012)
|
Plant biomass |
Edwards et al. (2012); Leakey and Lau (2012); Robinson et al. (2012)
|
Secondary metabolites and chemical defenses against herbivores |
Robinson et al. (2012) |
Physical defenses against herbivores |
Robinson et al. (2012) |
Floral traits (e.g., petal and organ size, reflectance) |
Edwards et al. (2012); Lacey et al. (2012)
|
Cold/freezing tolerance |
Howe et al. (2003); Savolainen et al. (2007); Zhen and Ungerer (2008)
|
Phenology |
|
Seed dormancy, germination, and seedling establishment |
Donohue et al. (2010) |
Bud set phenology |
Howe et al. (2003); Savolainen et al. (2007)
|
Commencement and cessation of growth |
Howe et al. (2003); Savolainen et al. (2007)
|
Reproductive phenology |
Franks et al. (2007); Springer and Ward (2007); Inouye (2008); Anderson et al. (2012)
|