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. 2012 Oct 10;287(49):41432–41445. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.380824

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2.

Astrocyte-induced synapse formation is mediated by TGF-β pathway. Cerebral cortex neurons were maintained in the presence of DMEM/F-12 (Control; A and F) or murine (MACM) and human (HACM) astrocyte conditioned medium alone (B and D) or simultaneously with the TGF-β pathway inhibitor, SB-431542 (CM + SB; C and E). The number of synaptophysin/PSD-95 puncta was quantified after 12 days (F). Presynaptic activity for human astrocyte conditioned medium assays was evaluated by FM1-43 incubation followed by puncta quantification (G–I). Scale bars, 20 μm. *, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.0001. Error bars, S.E.