Cell signalling cascade in PNETs and strategies of molecular targeting currently under investigation.
Abbreviations: AKT, protein kinase B; BAD, Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death; c-KIT-R, stem cell factor receptor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ErbB-2-R,epidermal growth factor receptor 2; FKHR,forkhead in human rhabdomyosarcoma; IGF-1-R,insulin growth factor-1 receptor; MAPK(K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (kinase); mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PDGF-R, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; VEGF(-R), vascular endothelial growth factor (receptor).