Figure 3. LPS stimulates PGE₂ and PGD₂ production in BMDM.

Equal amount of BMDM was treated with or without 1 µg/ml LPS for various time points from 2 to 24 hrs. The BMDM culture medium was collected and the concentrations of PGE₂ and PGD₂ in the sample media were quantified using LC-MS-MS. LPS induced both PGE₂ and PGD₂ production at a similar lower level in the first 8 hrs of treatment. In contrast, the production of PGE₂ in BMDM continuously increased after LPS treatment for 12 hrs; whereas the production of PGD₂ kept at a relatively stable level after 12 hrs of LPS treatment (n = 5).