Figure 6. Surface non-specific adhesion of R cells measured by micro-fabricated bio-MEMS force sensor.

(a) Adhesive force of R cells on MEMS probe as the probe is moved away from the cells after 2 min contact (n = 25). (b–e). Phase-contrast images of R cells and MEMS probe when non-specific adhesion between them is measured. The maximum detachment force measured is <2.5 nN, while the cell deformation is barely noticeable. Scale bar: 40 μm.