Table 3.
Multivariate-adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals)* of Moderate (>0–100) and Severe (>100) Coronary Artery Calcium Associated with Novel Risk Factors
| Age-sex-race-adjusted | Multivariable-adjusted † | Multivariable-adjusted □ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Moderate (>0–100) |
High (>100) |
P-value for trends |
Moderate (>0–100) |
High (>100) |
P-value for trends |
Moderate (>0–100) |
High (>100) |
P-value for trends |
| Calcium (0.54 mg/dL) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) | 0.89 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.29) | 0.23 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | 0.04 |
| Phosphate (0.67 mg/dL) | 1.26 (1.11, 1.43) | 1.66 (1.45, 1.90) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | 1.30 (1.13, 1.50) | 0.001 | 1.09 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) | 0.04 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (34.7 U/L) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.25) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.30) | 0.07 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 0.99 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 0.67 |
| Log (total parathyroid hormone, 0.68 pg/mL) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) | 0.24 | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | 0.78 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.07 |
| Log (HOMA-insulin resistance, 0.65) | 1.37 (1.20, 1.56) | 1.69 (1.48, 1.93) | <0.0001 | 1.13 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.41) | 0.08 | 1.13 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.21 (1.03, 1.43) | 0.06 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (1.54 %) | 1.36 (1.20, 1.55) | 1.82 (1.59, 2.08) | <0.0001 | 1.10 (0.93, 1.29) | 1.22 (1.03, 1.44) | 0.07 | 1.10 (0.93, 1.30) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) | 0.05 |
| Uric acid (1.88 mg/dL) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.23) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.35) | 0.02 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) | 0.80 | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.66 |
| Homocysteine (5.96 µmol/L) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 1.32 (1.14, 1.52) | 0.0006 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.31) | 0.15 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) | 0.90 |
| Fibrinogen (1.14 mg/dL) | 1.25 (1.10, 1.41) | 1.43 (1.26, 1.63) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.26) | 1.17 (1.01, 1.34) | 0.09 | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 0.41 |
| Log (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 0.83 mg/L) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.63 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) | 0.98 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.86,1.14) | 0.97 |
| Log (interleukin-6, 0.63 mg/dL) | 1.20 (1.06, 1.37) | 1.29 (1.13, 1.48) | 0.0006 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.26) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.29) | 0.23 | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.22) | 0.45 |
| Log (tumor necrosis factor-α, 0.51 mg/dL) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.28) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.33) | 0.04 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 0.59 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.30 |
| Cystatin C (0.53 mg/L) | 1.24 (1.10, 1.41) | 1.62 (1.43, 1.84) | <0.0001 | 1.10 (0.97, 1.26) | 1.31 (1.14, 1.50) | 0.0005 | |||
| 24-hour urine albumin (1.72 g/24 hour) | 1.26 (1.10, 1.45) | 1.35 (1.17, 1.56) | 0.0002 | 1.12 (0.98, 1.28) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) | 0.27 | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.25 |
*
Odds ratios were calculated using multinomial logistic regression models.
†
Adjusted for age, sex, race, cigarette smoking, prior clinical cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes, use of lipid-lowering drugs, body mass index, and waist circumference.
‡
Adjusted for age, sex, race, cigarette smoking, prior clinical cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes, use of lipid-lowering drugs, body mass index, waist circumference, and cystatin C.