Table 2.
Changes in delta opioid receptor expression in chronic pain models
| Pain model | Species | Time and region/cell type examined | mRNA or protein - technique | Change | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory pain | |||||
| CFA* into paw | rat | DRG* | mRNA Q-RT-PCR* | No | (Gendron et al., 2006) |
| CFA into paw | rat | DRG | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | No | (Puehler et al., 2004) |
| CFA into paw | rat | DRG | Protein immunohistochemistry | No | (Brack et al., 2004) |
| CFA into paw | rat | DRG | Protein immunohistochemistry | Down | (Zhang et al., 1998) |
| CFA into paw | rat | Spinal cord | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | No | (Obara et al., 2009) |
| CFA into paw | rat | Spinal cord | mRNA ISH* Protein Western blot | Up | (Cahill et al., 2003) |
| CFA into paw | rat | Spinal cord | mRNA ISH | No | (Maekawa et al., 1996) |
| CFA into paw | rat | Spinal cord | Protein radioligand binding | No | (Millan et al., 1988) |
| CFA into paw | mouse | DRG | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Up | (Gaveriaux-Ruff et al., 2011) |
| Carrageenan into paw | rat | DRG | Protein immunohistochemistry | Down | (Ji et al., 1995) |
| Spinal cord | Down | ||||
| CFA into tail | rat | Spinal cord | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Up | (Calza et al., 2000) |
| CFA into joint | rat | Thalamus, reticular nucleus | mRNA ISH | Down | (Neto et al., 2008) |
| Brainstem, dorsal reticular nucleus | Down | ||||
| Brainstem, parvocellular reticular nucleus | Up | ||||
| CFA into joint | rat | Spinal cord | Protein radioligand binding | Up | (Besse et al., 1992b) |
| Incision - post-operative | mouse | DRG | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Down | (Cabanero et al., 2009) |
| Spinal cord | Down | ||||
| Intestinal, croton oil | mouse | Spinal cord | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Up | (Pol et al., 2003) |
| Protein Western blot | |||||
| Whole gut | Up | ||||
| Brain | No | ||||
| Neuropathic pain | |||||
| CCI* | rat | DRG Spinal cord | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Down No | (Obara et al., 2009) |
| CCI | rat | DRG | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Down | (Herradon et al., 2008) |
| Spinal cord | No | ||||
| CCI | rat | Spinal cord | Protein immunohistochemistry | Down | (Tseng et al., 2008) |
| CCI | rat | Spinal cord | Protein western blot | No | (Holdridge & Cahill, 2007) |
| CCI, Spinal NL* | rat | Spinal cord | Protein immunohistochemistry | Down | (Stone et al., 2004) |
| CCI | rat | Spinal cord | Protein radioligand binding | Down | (Stevens et al., 1991) |
| CCI | rat | Spinal cord | Protein radioligand binding | Down | (Besse et al., 1992a) |
| CCI | mouse | DRG | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Down | (Hervera et al., 2010) |
| Spinal cord | No | ||||
| Cuff | rat | DRG | Protein western blot | Up | (Kabli & Cahill, 2007) |
| pSNL* | mouse | DRG | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | No | (Gaveriaux-Ruff et al., 2011) |
| pSNL | mouse | DRG & spinal cord | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | No | (Pol et al., 2006) |
| Multiple sclerosis | |||||
| TMEV* infection | mouse | Spinal cord | mRNA Q-RT-PCR | Down | (Lynch et al., 2008) |
*
Abbreviations: CCI, chronic constriciton injury; CFA, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; ISH, In Situ hybridization; NL, nerve ligation; pSNL, partial sciatic nerve ligation; Q-RT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR; TMEV, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus