Fig. 1.

Regulatory innovation. Each panel shows data for the frequency of regulatory innovations near genes in a different GO category (panel title). Colors indicate the five lineages studied. Each data point (colored circle) represents the relative frequency of regulatory innovations on a specific lineage (color) as determined by analysis using the reference genome for that lineage. The relative frequency (enrichment factor) for a specific GO category is defined as the frequency of innovations in genes of this GO category as compared to what would be expected by selecting genomic regions at random (denoted by the horizontal line at the relative frequency of 1.0). Each data point is an estimate from at least 2800 putative regulatory innovations. The time associated with each data point, indicated on the horizontal axis, is the midpoint of the branch of the phylogenetic tree on which these innovations are inferred to have occurred by comparative genome analysis (Fig. S3 and Tables S1 and S2). The horizontal axis is annotated with both geologic time periods as well as speciation events for the lineages analyzed.