Figure 3. Time series arising from model simulations under different conditions.

Evolutionary dynamics are shown for the case where cooperation occurs through division of labor without and with the presence of cheaters. The color code is as follows: Wild-type = red; Partial mutant individuals with at least one cooperating site = blue; Partial mutant individuals containing only cheating sites = pink; m-hit cheater mutants = green. (a) Wild-types do not benefit from shared goods. (b) Wild-types do benefit from shared goods. Each graph represents the result of a single implementation of the model. Parameters were chosen as follows. Grid size = 100×100; m = 5; R = 0.15; R⁺ = 0.5; R⁻ = 0.135; D = 0.1; f = 1/70; u = 3.17×10⁻³; cooperation and replication radii = 10.