Table 5 . Temporal and geographic differentiation of control genes.

	Distance to Hen1c	Distance to Cyp6g1d	M strain π		Temporal differentiationa		Geographic differentiationb
			Nonsyn	Syn	Fst	P-value	Fst	P-value
jebe	−31,911	−69,718	0.0021	0.0145	0.089	0.037	0.084	0.085
CG8378	−7,273	−45,080	0.0000	0.0013	0.239	0.001	0.372	0.011
CG13178	−5,378	−43,185	0.0007	0.0044	0.271	0.002	0.689	<0.001
CG8878	0	−37,807	0.0001	0.0013	0.195	0.001	0.365	<0.001
CG8407	4,426	−33,381	0.0000	0.0143	0.230	0.005	0.057	0.226
Oda	21,177	−16,630	0.0012	0.0007	0.369	0.001	0.669	<0.001
wash	32,266	−5,541	0.0010	0.0029	0.393	<0.001	0.583	<0.001
CG33964	34,832	−2,975	0.0009	0.0010	0.377	<0.001	0.654	<0.001
Cyp6t3	42,227	4,420	0.0021	0.0059	0.549	<0.001	0.329	0.007
RpS11	50,683	12,876	0.0000	0.0027	NA	NA	0.648	<0.001
Sr-CII	60,799	22,992	0.0025	0.0151	0.238	0.001	0.368	<0.001

NA, not available due to no SNP differences between pre–P- and post–P-element North American populations. The differentiations were estimated using nucleotide sequences.

^aComparisons between pre– and post–P-element invasion populations with samples from North American populations only.

^bComparisons between North American and African post–P-element invasion populations.

^cDistance in base pairs between the midpoints of the focused gene and Hen1. CG8878 has zero distance because it is nested within Hen1.

^dDistance in base pairs between the midpoints of the focused gene and Cyp6g1.

^eOnly the coding region of the first exon of jeb was sequenced.