Table 1.
Sampled species with associated body size, turbinal chamber volume and surface area measurements
| Code | Family | Species | Sex | Diet | Body mass (kg) | Skull length (mm) | Chamber volume (mm3) | TTSA (mm2) | RTSA (mm2) | OTSA (mm2) | OTSA/RTSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VLA | Canidae | Vulpes lagopus | M | V | 5.75 | 139.7 | 23 396.8 | 42 420.5 | 9237.5 | 33 183 | 3.59 |
| F | 5.75 | 119.2 | 19 990.9 | 35 399.2 | 7736.5 | 27 662.7 | 3.58 | ||||
| CLA | Canidae | Canis latrans | M | V/NV | 13 | 178.5 | 49 723.3 | 61 537.4 | 15117.1 | 46 420.3 | 3.07 |
| F | 13 | 177.5 | 46 113 | 56 998.2 | 16926.7 | 40 071.5 | 2.37 | ||||
| CLUa | Canidae | Canis lupus arctos | M | V | 44.5 | 238.9 | 16 4810 | 14 8159.6 | 31911 | 11 6248.7 | 3.64 |
| CLUb | Canidae | Canis lupus baileyi | M | V | 38 | 236.2 | 10 2307 | 87 789 | 18621.1 | 69 167.9 | 3.71 |
| F | 38 | 236 | 10 0632.7 | 11 2706.7 | 22361 | 90 345.8 | 4.04 | ||||
| LPI | Canidae | Lycaon pictus | F | V | 19.8 | 194.4 | 11 4255.2 | 89 481 | 19089.3 | 70 391.7 | 3.69 |
| NPR | Canidae | Nyctereutes procyonoides | M | NV | 7 | 127.3 | 15 929.4 | 23 548.4 | 7183.5 | 16 364.9 | 2.28 |
| F | 7 | 124.1 | 16 438.88 | 26 034.5 | 8099.7 | 17 934.8 | 2.21 | ||||
| OME | Canidae | Otocyon megalotis | M | NV | 3.75 | 124.6 | 12 304.93 | 15 617 | 4945.5 | 10 671.5 | 2.16 |
| F | 3.75 | 124 | 12 360.1 | 19 578.7 | 6183.9 | 13 394.8 | 2.17 | ||||
| SVE | Canidae | Speothos venaticus | M | V | 9 | 130 | 19 974.4 | 25 307.9 | 5639.8 | 19 668.1 | 3.49 |
| UCI | Canidae | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | M | NV | 4.4 | 110.2 | 8504.5 | 12 979.4 | 2970.6 | 10 008.8 | 3.37 |
| F | 4.4 | 114.6 | 11 175.9 | 18 466.9 | 4611 | 13 855.9 | 3 | ||||
| VVU | Canidae | Vulpes vulpes | M | V/NV | 7.3 | 145 | 28 356.9 | 43 588.8 | 7748.5 | 35 840.3 | 4.63 |
| F | 7.3 | 130.9 | 21 364.7 | 39 608.3 | 6344 | 33 264.3 | 5.24 | ||||
| VMA | Canidae | Vulpes macrotis | M | V/NV | 2.6 | 109 | 7874.8 | 16 448.4 | 3624 | 12 824.3 | 3.54 |
| F | 2.6 | 108.89 | 8942.2 | 18 901.7 | 4842 | 14 059.8 | 2.9 | ||||
| MME | Mephitidae | Mephitis mephitis | M | NV | 3.5 | 91.1 | 8615.2 | 19 526.8 | 6152 | 13 374.8 | 2.17 |
| F | 3.1 | 75.8 | 5645 | 10 248 | 3094 | 7153.8 | 2.31 | ||||
| GGU | Mustelidae | Gulo gulo | M | V | 22.4 | 173.4 | 39 380.9 | 87 727 | 16084.5 | 71 642.3 | 4.45 |
| F | 16.6 | 152.5 | 32 360.9 | 64 286.8 | 11736.4 | 52 550.4 | 4.48 | ||||
| MFR | Mustelidae | Mustela frenata | M | V | 0.31 | 49.8 | 798.2 | 4017.9 | 999.7 | 3018.2 | 3.02 |
| F | 0.17 | 40.3 | 431.8 | 2054.4 | 359.4 | 1695.1 | 4.72 | ||||
| NVI | Mustelidae | Neovison vison | M | V/NV | 1.2 | 75.2 | 1954.9 | 7057 | 2343.1 | 4714 | 2.01 |
| TTA | Mustelidae | Taxidea taxus | M | V/NV | 8 | 121.8 | 15 723.6 | 31 447.2 | 8200.2 | 23 247 | 2.83 |
| F | 6 | 129 | 19 595.5 | 32 045.6 | 9090.4 | 22 955.1 | 2.53 | ||||
| PFL | Procyonidae | Potos flavus | M | NV | 2.5 | 88.7 | 7998.2 | 16561.8 | 3707.5 | 12 854.3 | 3.47 |
| F | 2.5 | 87.5 | 7146.1 | 15 121.1 | 3736 | 11 385.1 | 3.05 | ||||
| PLO | Procyonidae | Procyon lotor | M | NV | 6.3 | 121 | 16 686.7 | 28 500.2 | 9100.9 | 19 399.3 | 2.13 |
| F | 5.7 | 122.6 | 17 768.8 | 34 954 | 12596.9 | 22 357.2 | 1.77 | ||||
| UAM | Ursidae | Ursus americanus | M | NV | 155 | 30 1335.4 | 13 6851.7 | 64168.8 | 72 682.8 | 1.13 | |
| F | 90 | 261.7 | 16 2129.4 | 12 1404.8 | 50820.6 | 70 584.2 | 1.39 | ||||
| UAR | Ursidae | Ursus arctos | M | NV | 240 | 565.6 | 73 5532 | 32 9930.9 | 165290 | 16 4640.7 | 1 |
| F | 120 | 416.3 | 48 1331 | 26 4457.7 | 120728 | 14 3929.5 | 1.19 | ||||
| UMA | Ursidae | Ursus maritimus | M | V | 550 | 414.2 | 61 4321 | 40 1611.3 | 146820 | 25 4792 | 1.74 |
| U | 550 | 518.9 | 80 7961.6 | 47 6030.8 | 203666 | 27 2364.1 | 1.34 |
Code refers to abbreviation used to identify points in Figs 4; sex is M, male, F, female, U, unknown; diet is V, vertebrate, V/NV, vertebrate/non-vertebrate, and NV, non-vertebrate. TTSA, total turbinal surface area; RTSA and OTSA are the estimated surface areas available for respiratory epithelia and olfactory epithelia, respectively (see text). Estimated body masses are from Smith et al. (2003) and Wilson et al. (2010); skull lengths are condylobasal and were taken from digital images of the skulls using imagej. This was not possible for the male Ursus americanus as the scale bar was not visible.