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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2011 Oct 17;42(6):1261–1272. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711002145

Table 2.

Assessing the precipitational pathway: Baseline lifetime nonmedical prescription opioid use and abuse/dependence secondary nonmedical use in NESARC Wave 1 preceding incident mood/anxiety disorders in NESARC Wave 2.

INCIDENT (WAVE 2) MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERSa BASELINE (WAVE 1) NONMEDICAL PRESCRIPTION OPIOID USE PREDICTORS
Lifetime Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use (N=1,499) b
controlling for 		Lifetime Abuse/Dependence due to Nonmedical Use (N=432) c
controlling for
Demographics Demographics, other substance use, comorbid mood/anxiety disorders Demographics Demographics, other substance use disorders, comorbid mood/anxiety disorders
Odds Ratiod 95% CI Odds Ratioe 95% CI Odds Ratiod 95% CI Odds Ratiog 95% CI
Incident Mood Disorders
 Any Mood Disorder (n=2,032) 2.1*** 1.6–2.8 1.8*** 1.4–2.3 2.0** 1.3–3.1 1.5 0.9–2.5
 Major Depressive Disorder (n=1,668) 1.7*** 1.3–2.2 1.4* 1.1–1.9 2.1** 1.3–3.3 1.6 1.0–2.6
 Dysthymia (n=351) 1.4 0.9–2.4 1.0 0.6–1.7 2.8** 1.3–6.0 2.2 1.0–5.0
 Bipolar I disorder (n=182) 1.7 0.8–3.6 1.7 0.8–3.6 1.7 0.5–5.9 1.9 0.5–6.9
 Bipolar Disorder (n=261) 2.0* 1.1–3.6 2.0* 1.1–3.7 2.5 1.0–5.9 2.6 1.0–6.8
Incident Anxiety Disorders
 Any Anxiety Disorder (n=2,003) 1.7*** 1.3–2.1 1.4* 1.1–1.8 2.0* 1.4–3.0 1.6 1.0–2.4
 Panic Disorder (n=647) 1.6* 1.1–2.4 1.3 0.9–2.0 2.3** 1.2–4.1 1.8 0.9–3.4
 Social Anxiety Disorder (n=560) 1.7** 1.1–2.5 1.1 0.7–1.7 1.8 1.0–3.3 1.2 0.6–2.4
 Specific Phobia (n=807) 1.5* 1.1–2.2 1.4 1.0–2.0 1.6 0.9–2.9 1.4 0.8–2.8
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (n=1,123) 2.1*** 1.6–2.8 1.5** 1.1–2.1 2.5*** 1.6–3.9 1.6 1.0–2.5
a

In all analyses those with former mood/anxiety disorders were excluded (e.g., to investigate the association between baseline nonmedical opioid use and incident major depressive disorder all respondents with major depressive disorder at baseline were excluded).

b

Reference is absence of lifetime nonmedical prescription opioid use at baseline (Wave 1)

c

Reference is absence of lifetime abuse or dependence secondary to nonmedical prescription opioid use at baseline (Wave 1)

d

Adjusted for baseline demographics (sex, age, race, and baseline family income, marital status, and employment status).

e

Adjusted for baseline demographics, other substance use (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, heroin, nonmedical stimulant, sedative and tranquilizer use), comorbid mood/anxiety disorders.

g

Adjusted for baseline demographics and other substance use disorders (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, heroin, nonmedical stimulant, sedative and tranquilizer use), comorbid mood/anxiety disorders.

*

p<0.05;

**

p<0.01;

***

p<0.001