Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2011 Oct 17;42(6):1261–1272. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711002145

Table 3.

Assessing the self-medication pathway: Baseline lifetime mood/anxiety disorders in NESARC Wave 1 preceding nonmedical prescription opioid use and abuse/dependence secondary nonmedical use in NESARC Wave 2.

BASELINE (WAVE 1) MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDER PREDICTORSa INCIDENT (WAVE 2) NONMEDICAL PRESCRIPTION OPIOID USE VARIABLES
Incident Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use (N=728) b
controlling for 		Incident Abuse/Dependence Secondary to Nonmedical Use (N=191) c
controlling for
Demographics Demographics, comorbid mood/anxiety disorders, other substance use Demographics Demographics, comorbid mood/anxiety disorders, other substance use disorders
Odds Ratiod 95% CI Odds Ratioe 95% CI Odds Ratiod 95% CI Odds Ratioe 95% CI
Lifetime Mood Disorders
 Any Mood Disorder (n=7,082) 1.9*** 1.6–2.3 1.6*** 1.3–2.0 2.8*** 2.0–3.9 2.1*** 1.5–3.0
 Major Depressive Disorder (n=6,004) 1.9*** 1.5–2.3 1.5** 1.2–2.8 2.6*** 1.8–3.6 1.7** 1.2–2.5
 Dysthymia (n=1,577) 2.2*** 1.6–3.0 1.6* 1.1–2.3 3.6*** 2.1–6.4 2.2* 1.1–4.2
 Bipolar I disorder (n=791) 2.3*** 1.5–3.4 1.7* 1.1–2.6 1.8 0.9–3.6 1.1 0.5–2.3
 Bipolar Disorder (n=1,219) 2.5*** 1.8–3.6 2.0*** 1.4–2.8 2.2** 1.3–3.8 1.4 0.7–2.5
Lifetime Anxiety Disorders
 Any Anxiety Disorder (n=6,132) 1.4** 1.1–1.8 1.1 0.9–1.4 1.9** 1.2–3.0 1.3 0.8–1.9
 Panic Disorder (n=1,790) 1.7** 1.2–2.5 1.3 0.9–1.9 3.4*** 1.9–6.1 2.3** 1.3–4.2
 Social Anxiety Disorder (n=1,721) 1.5* 1.0–2.1 1.1 0.8–1.6 2.2* 1.2–4.2 1.4 0.8–2.7
 Specific Phobia (n=3,407) 1.4* 1.0–1.8 1.1 0.8–1.5 1.4 0.8–2.5 0.9 0.5–1.7
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (n=1,493) 2.1*** 1.5–2.9 1.6** 1.1–2.2 3.0** 1.6–5.6 1.9 1.0–3.6
a

Reference is absence of specific mood/anxiety disorder

b

Analyses conducted among those with no history of nonmedical prescription opioid use at Wave 1

c

Analyses conducted among those with no history of abuse or dependence secondary to nonmedical prescription opioid use at Wave 1

d

Adjusted for baseline demographics (sex, age, race, and baseline family income, marital status, and employment status).

e

Adjusted for baseline demographics and other baseline lifetime mood/anxiety disorders, other substance use (prescription opioid use model)/substance use disorders (prescription opioid disorder model).

*

p<0.05;

**

p<0.01;

***

p<0.001