Table 2.
Logistic Regression Results (Odds Ratios) †
| Model 1: Full | Model 2: PAM Omitted | Model 3: Satisfaction Rating Omitted | Model 4: Depression Only Omitted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Predisposing characteristics | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.946 | 0.960 | 0.901 | 0.903 |
| Hispanic | 0.979 | 0.990 | 0.900 | 0.912 |
| Other | 0.990 | 0.990 | 0.981 | 0.998 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| High school graduate | 0.805** | 0.811* | 0.913 | 0.775** |
| Associate's degree | 0.967 | 0.970 | 1.151 | 0.954 |
| Bachelor's degree | 1.007 | 1.013 | 1.276** | 0.976 |
| Graduate degree | 1.170 | 1.157 | 1.434*** | 1.048 |
| Age category | ||||
| <30 | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| 30–39 | 0.933 | 0.903 | 0.965 | 1 |
| 40–49 | 0.854 | 0.835 | 0.832 | 0.952 |
| 50–59 | 0.761* | 0.748** | 0.699*** | 0.859 |
| 60–69 | 0.633*** | 0.615*** | 0.534*** | 0.721* |
| 70–79 | 0.553*** | 0.550*** | 0.420*** | 0.604** |
| 80+ | 0.384*** | 0.389*** | 0.324*** | 0.437*** |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| Male | 1.097 | 1.103* | 1.100* | 1.082 |
| Household size | ||||
| 1 | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| 2 | 0.909 | 0.915 | 0.908 | 0.892 |
| 3 | 1.034 | 1.049 | 1.058 | 1.013 |
| 4+ | 0.844* | 0.857* | 0.896 | 0.840* |
| Patient activation measure | ||||
| Stage 1 | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| Stage 2 | 0.756** | 0.756*** | 0.699*** | |
| Stage 3 | 0.786** | 0.656*** | 0.725*** | |
| Stage 4 | 0.699*** | 0.567*** | 0.648*** | |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed full-time | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| Employed part-time | 1.023 | 1.012 | 0.969 | 0.963 |
| Unemployed | 1.120 | 1.123 | 1.118 | 1.14 |
| Other | 1.122 | 1.115 | 1.074 | 1.06 |
| Household income | ||||
| <$10,000 | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| $10,000–$19,999 | 0.990 | 0.998 | 0.939 | 0.926 |
| $20,000–$29,999 | 1.048 | 1.052 | 0.983 | 1.013 |
| $30,000–$49,999 | 0.864 | 0.863 | 0.791** | 0.776* |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 1.007 | 1.008 | 0.905 | 0.959 |
| $75,000–$100,000 | 1.005 | 1.007 | 0.860 | 0.930 |
| > $100,000 | 1.197 | 1.191 | 1.024 | 1.121 |
| Don't know | 0.985 | 0.977 | 0.825 | 0.967 |
| Refused | 0.989 | 0.948 | 0.834 | 0.977 |
| II. Enabling resources | ||||
| Insurance type | ||||
| Private insurance only | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| Medicare only | 0.936 | 0.945 | 0.892 | 0.972 |
| Medicare + private | 0.930 | 0.931 | 0.894 | 0.941 |
| Medicaid | 0.777 | 0.777 | 0.779* | 0.792 |
| Dual eligible | 0.829 | 0.837 | 0.810* | 0.867 |
| Uninsured | 0.997 | 0.993 | 1.092 | 0.985 |
| Other | 0.883 | 0.875 | 0.945 | 0.956 |
| Regular provider | ||||
| Has regular doctor | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| No regular doctor | 1.063 | 1.075 | 1.384*** | 1.067 |
| Multiple regular doctors | 0.964 | 0.959 | 1.123 | 0.975 |
| III. Need for coordination | ||||
| Chronic conditions | ||||
| Hypertension only | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| Diabetes only | 1.090 | 1.091 | 1.100 | 1.106 |
| Heart disease only | 1.156 | 1.176 | 1.076 | 1.160 |
| Asthma only | 1.182 | 1.148 | 1.240** | 1.211 |
| Depression only | 1.283*** | 1.302*** | 1.350*** | |
| Disabled | 1.199* | 1.192* | 1.160 | 1.163 |
| 2 chronic conditions | 1.264*** | 1.278*** | 1.234*** | 1.274*** |
| 3+ chronic conditions | 1.393*** | 1.396*** | 1.267*** | 1.408*** |
| Length of time with chronic condition | ||||
| Less than 2 years | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| 3–5 years | 1.065 | 1.068 | 1.054 | 1.076 |
| 5+ years | 1.143 | 1.14 | 1.154* | 1.154 |
| Experience with health care provider(s) | ||||
| No. of visits to provider in 3 months | 1.004 | 1.007 | 1.005 | 1.001 |
| No. of visits to ER in 12 months | 1.009 | 1.009 | 1.022 | 1.009 |
| No. of hospitalizations in 12 months | 1 | 0.998 | 0.995 | 1.001 |
| Provider satisfaction rating | 0.660*** | 0.652*** | 0.649*** | |
| Health status | ||||
| Poor | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) | (referent) |
| Fair | 0.740*** | 0.734*** | 0.734*** | 0.743*** |
| Good | 0.626*** | 0.617*** | 0.557*** | 0.628*** |
| Very good | 0.551*** | 0.535*** | 0.447*** | 0.563*** |
| Excellent | 0.491*** | 0.478*** | 0.367*** | 0.499*** |
| N | 9,257 | 9,257 | 9,318 | 8,157 |
*
p-value < 0.1.
**
p-value < 0.05.
***
p-value < 0.001.
†
Also includes 18 indicator variables to capture AF4Q market fixed effects relative to the non-AF4Q comparison group (not shown).