| Anderson, Lange, Froehlich, et al, 2010 [243] |
26 (26) |
15 (15) |
21.5 ± 6.4 |
22.5 ± 6.3 |
(1) Thought about a described word (2) Filled in missing word in a sentence |
↓Left posterior insula, bilateral receptive language areas, Receptive language correlated with activation of posterior left WA; Verbal IQ correlated with activation of bilateral BA, PFC, lateral PMC |
Posterior insula implicated in receptive language impairments |
| Boddaert, Belin, Chabane, et al, 2003 [244] |
5 (4) |
8 (8) |
19.1 ± 4.5 |
21.9 ± 3.3 |
Listened to speech-like sounds |
↑ Right MFG |
Abnormal auditory cortical processing implicated in language impairments |
| Catarino, Luke, Waldman, et aI, 2011 [245] |
12 (12) |
12(12) |
27.0 ± 10 |
34.0 ± 13 |
Detected semantic incongruities within written sentences |
More spatially restricted activation pattern (only left IFG, left ACC, right FG) |
impaired integration of multiple neural networks related to difficulties in use of context |
| Eigsti, Schuh, Mend, Schultz, Paul, 2011 [246] |
16** |
11** |
** |
** |
Processed linguistic stimuli that varied in emotional and semantic content |
Affective and grammatical prosodic cues prompted more generalized activation |
Language processing less automatic; Linkages between ToM and language processing deficits; Increased reliance on executive control regions for speech processing |
| Eyler, Pierce, Courchesne, 2012 [247] |
40 (40) |
40 (40) |
32. 0 mo ± 10.2 |
25.6 mo ± 9.6 |
Listened to story with complex, simple, or backward speech during sleep |
↓Left hemisphere to speech sounds (worsens with age). Abnormally right-lateralized temporal cortex to language (worsens with age) |
Lateralized abnormalities of temporal cortex processing of language in toddlers with autism |
| Grezes, Wicker, Berthoz, de Gelder, 2009 [248] |
12 (10) |
12 (12) |
26.6 ± 10.4 |
21.0 ± 1.6 |
Viewed fearful or neutral body language |
↓AMY, IFG, PMC to fearful gestures |
Dysfunction in this network may impact the communication deficits present in autism |
| Groen, Tesink, Petersson, et al, 2010 [249] |
16 (12) |
26 (21) |
15.3 ± 1.6 |
15.7 ± 1.7 |
Sentences congruent or incongruent to speaker |
↓Left IFG for sentences requiring integration of speaker information; No difference for semantic- and world-knowledge sentences |
ASD recruits left IFG atypically in language tasks that demand integration of social information |
| Hadjikhani et al, 2009 [203] |
12 (9) |
11 (11) |
30 ± 11 |
35 ± 12 |
Recognition of emotional bodies |
↓lFC, Al in response to emotionally neutral gestures |
Identifies neural mechanisms of impaired affect communication |
| Harris, Chabris, Clark, et al, 2006 [250] |
14 (14) |
22 (22) |
36 ± 12 |
31 ± 9 |
Semantic and perceptual word processing |
During semantic processing, ↓BA, ↑WA; Diminished activation difference between concrete and abstract words |
Abnormal Braca's area development that may be linked with language deficits |
| Hesling, Dilharreguy, Peppe, et al, 2010 [251] |
8 (8) |
8 (8) |
23.± 38 ± 2.10 |
23.05 ± 2.02 |
Listened to speech stimulus involving variable intonation, rhythm, focus and affect |
Abnormal neural network for prosodic speech perception in left supra marginal gyrus; Absence of deactivation patterns in default mode |
Prosodic impairments could not only result from activation pattern abnormalities, but also from an inability to inhibit default network |
| Just, Cherkassky, Keller, Minshew, 2004 [252] |
17 (13) |
17 (12) |
28.0 ± 13.3 |
28.6 ± 10.7 |
Identified agent or object in each sentence |
↑WA; ↓BA; Decreased functional connectivity between contributing cortical areas |
Decreased information synchronization across the language processing network |
| Kana, Keller, Cherkassky, Minshew, Just, 2006 [253] |
12 (11) |
13 (12) |
22.5 ± 8.8 |
20.3 ± 4.0 |
Processed sentences with high or low imagery content |
Language and spatial centers not as synchronized, ↑Parietal and occipital regions during low-imagery sentences |
Under-integration of language and imagery; Reliance on visualization to support language comprehension |
| Kana, Wadsworth, 2012 [254] |
16 (16) |
16 (16) |
20.0 ± 6.43 |
21.6 ± 2.70 |
Processed sentences with puns |
↑Overall, particularly in right hemisphere and posterior areas during pun comprehension; ↓Left hemisphere |
Altered neural route in language comprehension in general, and figurative language in particular |
| Kleinhans, Muller, Cohen, Courchesne, 2008 [255] |
14 (14) |
14** |
23.79 ± 3.58 |
22.41 ± 8.67 |
(1) Letter fluency task; (2) Category fluency task |
↑Right frontal and right superior TL during letter fluency task; Decreased lateralization of activation patterns during letter fluency, but not to category |
Reduced hemispheric differentiation for certain verbal fluency tasks; abnormal functional organization may contribute to the language impairments |
| Knaus, Silver, Lindgren, Hadjikhani, Tager-FIusberg, 2008 [256] |
12 (12) |
12 (12) |
15.46 ± 2.48 |
14.94 ± 2.71 |
Reading version of response-naming task |
↑BA; Reduced BA left lateralization |
Decreased efficiency of semantic processing |
| Knaus, Silver, Kennedy, et aI, 2010 [257] |
14 (14) |
20 (20) |
16.83 ± 2.35 |
14.43 ± 2.47 |
(1) Response-naming task; (2) Control letter-judgment task |
Atypical language laterality more prevalent in the ASD group |
Language laterality may be a novel way to subdivide samples, resulting in more homogenous groups |
| Lai, Schneider, Schwarzenberger, Hirsch, 2011 [258] |
39 (35) |
15 (10) |
12.4 ± 4.7 |
12.13 ± 4.34 |
Listened to speech |
↓Mean amplitude and spread of activity in STG |
Possible neurofunctional correlate of language impairment |
| Lai, Pantazatos, Schneider, Hirsch, 2012 [259] |
36 (32) |
21 (14) |
9.61 ± 4.04 |
10.72 ± 4.42 |
Listened to speech and songs |
↓Left IFG during speech; ↑Left IFG during songs; Increased left IFG-STG connectivity for songs; Increased frontal—posterior connectivity |
Functional systems that process speech and song more effectively engaged for song than for speech |
| Mizuno, Liu, Williams, et al, 2011 [260] |
15 (14) |
15 (15) |
24.7 ± 7.8 |
24.7 ± 7.7 |
Linguistic perspective-taking task requiring deictic shifting |
↑Right Al, precuneus; Decreased right Al—precuneus connectivity |
Higher activation compensates for decreased connectivity during deictic shifting |
| Redcay, Courchesne, 2008 [261] |
12 (12) |
23 (17) |
34.9 mo ± 7.4 |
19.8 mo ± 4.2 |
Listened to forward and backward speech |
↓Extended network recruited in typical early language acquisition, ↑Medial, right GC; ↑Right hemisphere to forward speech |
Children with ASDs may be on a deviant developmental trajectory characterized by greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions during speech perception |
| Redcay, Dodell-Feder, Mavros, et al, 2012 [262] |
13 (10) |
14 (11) |
28.0 ± 7.05 |
27.0 ± 5.68 |
Interactive face-to-face joint attention game |
↓Left posterior STS, DMPFC during joint attention; ↑Posterior STS during solo attention |
Failure of developmental neural specialization in STS and DMPFC during joint attention |
| Sahyoun, Belliveau, Soulieres, Schwartz, Mody, 2010 [263] |
12 (10) |
12 (9) |
13.3 ± 2.45 |
13.3 ± 2.07 |
Pictorial reasoning with visuospatial processing, semantic processing, or both |
↑Occipito-parietal, ventral temporal areas; Reduced inferior frontal - ventral temporal and middle temporal connectivity |
Greater visual mediation of language processing |
| Scott-Van Zeeland, McNealy, Wang, et al, 2010 [264] |
18 (18) |
18 (18) |
12.62 ± 2.5 |
11.64 ± 1.58 |
Listened to two artificial languages and a random speech stream |
↑Frorto-temporal-parietal, as number of cues to word boundaries increased; No learning-related increases for artificial languages in BG, left tem poroparietal cortex; Communicative impairment correlated with signal increases in these regions to artificial languages |
Abnormalities in neural regions subserving language-related learning; Communicative impairments linked to decreased sensitivity to the statistical and speech cues in language |
| Tesink, Buitelaar, Petersson, et al, 2009 [265] |
24 (16) |
24 (16) |
26.3 ± 6.3 |
26.2 ± 6.0 |
Speaker inference task |
↑Right IFG for speaker-incongruent sentences, Absence of VMPFC modulation to incongruent sentences |
Compensatory mechanisms during implicit low-level inferential processes in spoken language |
| Tesink, Buitelaar, Petersson, et al, 2011 [266] |
24 (16) |
24 (16) |
26.3 ± 6.3 |
26.2 ± 6.0 |
Integrated contextual information during auditory language comprehension |
↓Left, right IFG for sentences with world knowledge anomaly |
Reduced integrative capacity of stored knowledge; Difficulties with exception handling |
| Vaidya, Foss-Feig, Shook, et al, 2011 [267] |
15 (11) |
18 (14) |
10.78 ± 1.29 |
10.96 ± 1.26 |
Responded to target word in presence of congruent or incongruent arrow or averted gaze |
Congruent regions associated with attention to gaze (left STS, PMC) activated to arrows; Incongruent regions associated with arrows (ACC, left DLPFC, right CN) activated to gaze |
Atypical functional anatomy to social and nonsocial communicative cues |
