Fig. 1.

Bioenergetics of the electron transport chain and the TCA/Kerbs cycle. Pyruvate is converted to high-energy molecules LIKE NADH, GTP and FADH₂ through catalyzation by TCA/Kerbs cycle enzymes. NADH generated is shuttled to complex I and is converted to NAD⁺ driving oxidative phosphorylation. Transfer of electrons through the chain maintains the membrane potential via proton pumping into the IMS. In this final step ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP via complex V (ATP synthase).