Table 1.
Factors that can activate microglia
| Substance that can activate microglia | Reference |
|---|---|
|
Pathological conditions | |
| hypoxia |
Morigiwa et al., 2000 [51] |
| tumor |
Bosco et al., 2011[52] |
| Ischemic insult |
Hur et al., 2010 [53] |
| Nerve injury |
Maeda et al., 2010 [54] |
|
Proteins | |
| α-synuclein |
Lee et al., 2010; Su et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2005 [55-57] |
| amyloid-beta |
Jana et al., 2008 [58] |
| fibrinogen |
Piers et al., 2011 [59] |
| Thrombin |
Lee et al., 2005 [60] |
| Tissue plasminogen activator |
Siao et al., 2002 [61] |
| Matrix protein (vitronectin, fibronectin, MMP-3) |
Milner et al., 2007; del Zoppo et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2005 [62-64] |
|
Chemicals | |
| Adenosine Triphosphate |
Matsui et al., 2011 [65] |
| Toxins (MPTP, Rotenone, Paraquat) |
Yasuda et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2005 [66-68] |
| Alchohol |
McClain et al., 2011 [69] |
| Dopamine quinone |
Kuhn et al., 2006 [70] |
| Berberine |
Lu et al., 2010 [71] |
| lipopolysacchride |
Jung et al., 2010; Meng et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2009 [72-74] |
|
Cytokines | |
| TNF-α |
Iribarren et al., 2005 [75] |
| IL-6 |
Krady et al., 2008 [76] |
| IL-12 |
Tamakawa et al., 2004 [77] |
| IL-3 |
Natarajan et al., 2004 [78] |
| IFN-Υ |
Rozenfeld et al., 2005; Hall et al., 1999 [79,80] |
|
Others | |
| gangliosides |
Kim et al., 2009; Min et al., 2004 [81,82] |
| Kalic acid | Zheng et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2010 [83,84] |