Table 2.
Factors associated with remissionat 5-year follow-up
| Characteristic |
Outcome status |
Bivariate statistics |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In remission No. (%) | Not in remission No.(%) | Odds ratio | 95% Confidence interval | |
| Sex- male |
38 (58.5) |
11 (36.7) |
2.43* |
1.00- 5.93 |
| Residence- urban |
17 (26.2) |
1 (3.3) |
10.27** |
1.30-81.30 |
| No. of meals/day – 2 or less |
22 (33.8) |
4 (13.3) |
3.33* |
1.03-10.73 |
| Duration of untreated psychosis >48 weeks1 |
27 (41.5) |
19 (63.3) |
0.41* |
0.17-1.003 |
| Fluctuating nature of initial illness |
54 (83.1) |
17 (56.7) |
3.75** |
1.42-9.91 |
| Explanatory model- evil spirit |
8 (12.3) |
10 (33.3) |
0.28* |
0.10-0.81 |
| SAI-E score >31 |
41 (64.1) |
13 (43.3) |
2.33 |
0.96-5.65 |
|
6-month data |
||||
| SAI-E score >71 |
33 (60.0) |
7 (28.0) |
3.86** |
1.38-10.76 |
| GAF score > 561 |
33 (60.0) |
7 (28.0) |
3.86** |
1.38-10.76 |
|
12-month data |
||||
| SAI-E score >141 |
37 (61.7) |
11 (37.9) |
2.63* |
1.06-6.56 |
| BPRS score > 291 |
26(43.3) |
24 (82.8) |
0.16*** |
0.05-0.47 |
| GAF score > 641 |
36 (60.0) |
8 (27.6) |
3.94** |
1.50-10.33 |
| Belief in disease model as causal for illness- present |
30 (46.2) |
5 (16.7) |
4.29** |
1.46-12.58 |
|
60-month data |
||||
| SAI-E score >331 |
48 (73.8) |
4 (13.3) |
18.35*** |
5.59-60.28 |
| BPRS score > 271 |
1(1.5) |
48 (73.8) |
0.01*** |
0.002-0.097 |
| WHODAS II score >81 |
21 (32.3) |
29(96.7) |
0.017*** |
0.002-0.129 |
| Belief in disease model as causal for illness- present |
49 (75.4) |
3 (10.0) |
27.56*** |
7.37-103.1 |
| Belief in evil spirits as causal for illness- present |
1 (1.5) |
4 (13.3) |
0.10* |
0.01-0.95 |
| Belief in black magic as causal for illness- present |
6 (9.2) |
15 (50.0) |
0.10*** |
0.03-0.31 |
| At least one non-medical explanatory model |
59 (90.8) |
14 (46.7) |
11.24*** |
3.72-33.91 |
| Belief in disease model plus at least one non-medical model |
48 (73.8) |
3 (10.0) |
25.41*** |
6.82-94.64 |
| Preferred causal explanatory model - disease model |
50 (76.9) |
2 (6.7) |
46.67*** |
9.94-219.04 |
| Preferred causal explanatory model – non-medical model | 15(23.1) | 28 (93.3) | 0.02*** | 0.005-0.10 |
Median used to dichotomize continuous variables; BPRS- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; SAI-E- Schedule for Assessment of Insight-Expanded; PANSS- Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; OR- Odds Ratio; 95%CI- 95% Confidence Interval for Odds Ratio; * = p-value <0.05; ** = p-value <0.01; *** = p-value <0.001
The following variables were not statistically significantly related to outcome:
(i) at baseline- age, years of schooling, literacy, marital status, unemployment, unable to buy food, debt, requires carer, precipitating stress, visit to traditional healer, family history of mental illness, explanatory models related to disease, karma, punishment by God, black magic, involuntary admission status, BPRS scores, GAF score, at least one non- medical explanatory model held, 2 or more explanatory model held, disease model plus at least 1 non-medical model.
(ii) 6-months follow up data- BPRS scores, explanatory models related to disease, karma, punishment by God, black magic, evil spirit, at least one non- medical explanatory model held, 2 or more explanatory model held, disease model plus at least 1 non-medical model.
(iii) 12-month follow up data- explanatory models related to karma, punishment by God, black magic, at least one non- medical explanatory model held, 2 or more explanatory model held, disease model plus at least 1 non-medical model.
(iv) 60-months follow up data- karma, punishment by God, 2 or more explanatory model held.
(v) Over 5-year course- no. of hospital visits, no. of missed appointments, regularity of follow up.