Table 1.

Limited virucidal activity of ethanol, isopropanol and peracetic acid against duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) depending on concentration and contact time in comparison to vaccinia virus (VACV)/modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA)

Biocide	Concentration (%)	Contact time (min)	Reduction factors
			DHBV	VACV/MVA
Ethanol	30	1	2.99 ± 0.78	−0.10 ± 0.29/0.01 ± 0.26
		2	3.46 ± 0.64	0.32 ± 0.28/-0.01 ± 0.30
	40	1	≥4.35	≥3.28/2.94 ± 0.27
		2	≥4.38	≥4.59/≥4.05
	50	1	≥4.84	≥5.11/≥4.76
		2	≥4.88	≥5.11/≥5.76
	60	1	≥4.88	≥5.11/≥5.76
		2	≥4.88	≥5.11/≥5.76
Isopropanol	20	1	1.96 ± 0.66	0.01 ± 0.29/0.08 ± 0.25
		2	2.33 ± 0.61	−0.01 ± 0.30/-0.04 ± 0.30
	30	1	3.39 ± 0.88	1.63 ± 0.30/1.35 ± 0.22
		2	4.10 ± 0.80	1.87 ± 0.26/2.67 ± 0.27
	40	1	≥4.00	≥5.111/≥4.761
		2	≥4.00	≥5.111/≥4.761
Peracetic acid	0.001	1	1.36 ± 0.35	0.74 ± 0.31/0.74 ± 0.27
		2	1.67 ± 0.41	1.62 ± 0.30/1.79 ± 0.30
	0.005	1	2.43 ± 0.51	≥4.50/≥5.66
		2	3.05 ± 0.39	≥4.50/≥5.66
	0.01	1	3.55 ± 0.60	≥4.48/≥4.85
		2	≥4.08	≥4.48/≥4.85
	0.05	1	≥4.08	≥4.15/≥4.35
		2	≥4.08	≥4.15/≥4.35

Results for VACV and MVA are given as means calculated from the results of three different laboratories (Rabenau et al. [10]).

“≥” - Determination of RF is limited by hepatocytotoxic reactions and/or the amount. Calculation of 95% confidence interval is not possible.

¹ Results are only from one laboratory.