Table 1. Distributions of demographic characteristics in 519 healthy controls and 462 patients with oral cancer.

Variable	Controls (N = 519)	Patients (N = 462)	p value
Age (yr)	Mean ± S.D.	Mean ± S.D.
	52.43±14.67	54.35±11.40	p  = 0.023*
Gender	n (%)	n (%)
Male	425 (81.9%)	444 (96.1%)
Female	94 (18.1%)	18 (3.9%)	p<0.001*
Betel-nut chewing
No	428 (82.5%)	109 (23.6%)
Yes	91 (17.5%)	353 (76.4%)	p<0.001*
Alcohol consumption
No	308 (59.3%)	177 (38.3%)
Yes	211 (40.7%)	285 (61.7%)	p<0.001*
Tobacco consumption
No	309 (59.5%)	74 (16.0%)
Yes	210 (40.5%)	388 (84.0%)	p<0.001*

The Mann-Whitney U-test or Fisher’s exact test was used between healthy controls and patients with oral cancer. * Statistically significant at p<0.05.