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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 4.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2011 Dec 3;15(12):1387–1403. doi: 10.1517/14728222.2011.641533

Figure 2. Schematic representation of convergent pathological mechanisms in dystonia.

Figure 2

Pathological changes associated with an array of initial insults may converge to produce dysfunction in shared downstream pathways. Intervention in these downstream processes may effectively interrupt the expression of dystonic symptoms, regardless of the cause. (LHON = Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy; DDON = deafness-dystonia optic neuropathy; 3-NPA = 3-nitropropionic acid; TH = tyrosine hydroxylase GCH1 = GTP cyclohydrolase I; PTPS = 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase)