Table 1.
Characteristics of the Beaver Dam Eye Study Cohort at Each Examination.
| Risk Factor | 1988–1990 (Visit 1) | 1993–1995 (Visit 2) | 1998–2000 (Visit 3) | 2003–2005 (Visit 4) | P valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=4493 | N=3223 | N=2342 | N=1817 | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | ||
|
|
|||||||||
| Age, years | 61.3 | 10.9 | 64.4 | 10.1 | 67.5 | 9.2 | 70.5 | 8.3 | <.001 |
| Sex, male | 44.1 | 44.0 | 43.1 | 42.3 | 0.16 | ||||
| CRAE, μm | 150.0 | 14.8 | 148.6 | 14.9 | 148.3 | 14.4 | 146.6 | 14.8 | <.001 |
| CRVE, μm | 230.4 | 23.0 | 224.1 | 22.4 | 225.5 | 22.4 | 218.0 | 22.5 | <.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 131.5 | 20.2 | 128.9 | 19.2 | 130.8 | 18.8 | 130.5 | 18.2 | 0.09 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 77.5 | 10.9 | 76.2 | 10.5 | 74.4 | 10.6 | 73.7 | 10.9 | <.001 |
| Mean arterial BP, mmHg | 95.5 | 12.1 | 93.8 | 11.8 | 93.2 | 11.5 | 92.7 | 11.8 | <.001 |
| Taking antihypertensive medication | 36.2 | 40.8 | 51.8 | 62.2 | <.001 | ||||
| Taking ACE inhibitor | 6.4 | 11.5 | 17.0 | 24.6 | <.001 | ||||
| Taking beta blocker | 11.5 | 11.7 | 18.4 | 28.1 | <.001 | ||||
| Taking calcium channel blocker | 4.1 | 11.7 | 14.9 | 15.9 | <.001 | ||||
| Taking glaucoma drops | 1.9 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 5.3 | <.001 | ||||
| Intraocular pressure, mmHg | 15.4 | 3.3 | 15.3 | 3.2 | 15.2 | 3.0 | 15.1 | 3.3 | <.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.7 | 5.4 | 29.5 | 5.5 | 29.9 | 5.9 | 30.5 | 6.0 | <.001 |
| Refraction, diopters | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.80 |
| Nuclear cataract present | 12.1 | 18.3 | 14.5 | 18.8 | <.001 | ||||
| History of cataract surgery | 2.9 | 6.1 | 9.6 | 14.5 | <.001 | ||||
| Current smoking | 20.3 | 15.0 | 10.4 | 9.3 | <.001 | ||||
| Pack-years smoked | 31.7 | 28.7 | 30.2 | 27.3 | 28.3 | 27.1 | 27.0 | 25.7 | <.001 |
| Current heavy drinking | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.8 | <.001 | ||||
| Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 233.8 | 43.9 | 239.6 | 44.9 | 213.8 | 40.2 | <.001 | ||
| Serum HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52.2 | 17.6 | 52.6 | 16.5 | 50.8 | 16.5 | <.001 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus present | 7.1 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 12.9 | <.001 | ||||
| Serum C-reactive protein, mg/L | 4.4 | 9.7 | 4.6 | 11.2 | 0.39 | ||||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.35 |
| Soluble VCAM-1, ng/mL | 821.6 | 294.9 | 852.2 | 278.8 | 0.006 | ||||
SD, standard deviation; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; BP, blood pressure; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; HDL, high density lipoprotein; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule.
a
Test for trend over examination phases.